1. In pathologic conditions where the alveolar membrane is thickened there is little effect on the exchange of carbon dioxide, but oxygen diffusion is impaired. Based on your understanding of the respiratory membrane function, propose an explanation for this phenomenon.

2. Would breathing pure oxygen cause a large increase in the partial pressure of oxygen within the blood stream? Why or why not?

How is pain sensation modulated by other sensory input? Please briefly describe the mechanism and speculate on why such a modulatory pathway evolved.

How does the filtrate in the renal tubule differ from the urine that will eventually leave the collecting duct and drain into the renal pelvis?

a) Which cytoskeletal motor protein is required for degranulation of cytotoxic granules during CD8 T cell-mediated killing of a cell infected by a virus?

b) Briefly outline the steps of the motor cycle from above

1. Now that you see what happens with oxygen consumption, cardiac output, and stroke volume, create your own scenario where two subjects would have different numbers (for example so don’t use this one – someone with COPD vs. healthy person). Explain what you expect your findings to be and why.

go through every system (i.e. nervous, cardiac, respiratory, urinary, metabolism) and tell me the differences that are happening in someone running an endurance event compared to someone at rest. This should be separated into sections with headings, written in sentences, and should be 1.5-2 pages. For example, how might my respiratory rate change and why? Cardiac Output? Insulin levels? Glucose levels??

Describe the basics of nervous control of ventilation relative to the brain and 3 main kinds of lung receptors.

In tubular secretion from the peritubular capillary,

-what substances are secreted?

-if penicillin is found in the filtrate, why is it not filtered at the renal corpuscle?

-what is creatinine? is it secreted by the nephrons?

-where in the nephron does most secretion occur?

1. Henry is a 60 year-old, white college man who woke due to intense and worsening pain in his right flank this morning. He came to your emergency room in a state of distress, with diaphoresis (sweating) and pallor (pale appearance). He was unable to sit still or become comfortable in the ER cot, groaning and stating that he was nauseated. His past medical history includes diabetes, gout, and controlled hypertension. He takes medications for his diabetes, gout, and hypertension; he reports no difficulties in affording his medications and does not have difficulties in taking them as prescribed. His vital signs are as follows: temperature mildly elevated at 99.5℉, BP mildly elevated at 138/85, heart rate increased at 110, Respiratory rate normal at 20. His height is 5’9”, and his weight is 205 pounds; his BMI is 30.3

   • What two main diagnoses do you suspect for Henry? Provide supporting evidence using his clinical manifestations.
   • What risk factors does Henry have for the diagnoses you have chosen? List two risk factors for each diagnosis, and briefly explain how that increases an individual’s risk for that disease.
   • What tests do you suspect will be ordered to confirm Henry’s diagnosis, and what value do they add to confirming or excluding your chosen diagnoses? Include at least three tests.

There is the conventional dental crown making process. However, recently, new crown-making methods have been originated. Explain and compare the various crown making processes.