Using the gonadostat theory of puberty as a framework, how do you think the positive feedback effects of estradiol change during puberty? Explain your answer in terms of the sensitivity of feedback systems. There is no need to reference the coincidence model of ovulation to answer this question

In your own words, describe the physiologic functions of the following gastric secretions: hydrochloric acid, pepsin, gastric lipase, intrinsic factor. In your own words, describe the stages of gastric activity: cephalic, gastric, and intestinal.

a. You sprained your ankle. What two things can be done to aspirin to reduce stomach bleeding and explain why it works.

b. Explain how taking Aspirin reduces one's risk of heart attacks.

NOTE: Include in your answer the physiology of the systems involved.

HOW? The salicylic portion of aspirin INHIBITS the synthesis of PROSTAGLANDINS by INHIBITING CYCLOOXYGENASE - this does not allow prostaglandin to do its job - blood clotting (plateletts aggregate).

c. What is the general relationship between the hormone prostaglandin and the roles of Aspirin, Ibuprofen and Naproxen?

1) Outline the primary mechanism of control of the thyroid gland via the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. Include all hormones involved.

Describe the special sense of vision in detail. How is the stimulus/signal received? How is it processed in our brain (pathway) and where

Describe TWO of four special senses, your choice (hearing, taste, smell, or equilibrium), in detail. How is the stimulus/signal received? How is it processed in our brain (pathway) and where

Assisted reproductive technology, such as egg donation and in-vitro fertilization, has made the news. Describe one or more of these new medical techniques, including pros and cons.

1. What is responsible for wave summation:

1. Reduced zone of overlap
2. Excess ATP in the sarcoplasm between muscle contractions
3. Excess calcium in the sarcoplasm between muscle contractions
4. Over compressed sarcomeres

2. Which of the following is incorrect:

1. Curare mediates presynaptic blockade
2. The motor end plate contains nicotinic receptors
3. Junctional folds are sarcolemma
4. T tubules contain voltage-gated Na+ channels
5. The SR membrane contains RyR, CSQ, and SERCA

3. Which of the following associations is incorrect

1. Fast-twitch fibers :   Myoglobin
2. Type llx fibers   :   Powerful/quick contractions
3. Red meat    :    Slow twitch fibers
4. “Pay as you twitch” fibers   :   Relatively fatigue resistant

4. Which of the following proteins does Ca2+ bind to once it is released from the SR:

1. G-actin
2. Tropomyosin
3. Nebulin
4. Troponin

5. In the knee jerk reflex, which muscle group is being inhibited

1. Quadriceps
2. Calves
3. Hamstrings
4. Glutes

1. Explain how a vaccine can induce a secondary response to a viral infection.

1. Which of the following statements is incorrect:

1. A cross section of an “I” band would not contain myosin
2. The zone of Overlap gets bigger when “Z” lines move closer together
3. The Myosin head bonds to the active site of a G actin monomer
4. The “A” band shortens when a sarcomere contracts

2. Depolarization down a T Tubule Results in the activation of:

1. SERCA
2. RyR
3. CSQ
4. DHPR

3. How many “I” bands are present in one sarcomere:

1. 0
2. 1
3. 2
4. 3
5. 4

4. Which region of a sarcomere gets wider during contraction:

1. H zone
2. Zone of overlap
3. A band
4. I band

5. What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA):

1. Pump calcium out of a t tubule
2. Pump calcium into a t tubule
3. Pump calcium back into the SR
4. Pump calcium out of the SR

Put these nerve pathways in proper order from stimulus to cerebrum.

Eye

1. visual cortex

2. optic (II) nerve

3. rods/cones

Ear

1. vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve

2. hair cells of the organ of Corti

3. auditory cortex

A-Describe the phases that are involved in the uterine (menstrual) cycle. Ensure you include associated hormones and the effects of these on the uterus?

B- state at what point in the menstrual cycle fertilization will normally occur.

word count: 300

Discuss what is Parkinson’s disease including symptoms and prognosis, how it relates to the basic anatomy and physiology of the ANS, and the basis of treatments.

Sarah Johnson, aged 42, is 32 weeks pregnant and decides to go mountain hiking. She is unable to breath and airlifted to the nearest hospital. She is diagnosed with pulmonary oedema. Using your knowledge of oxygen transport (M2L5), answer the following questions. Be sure to clearly label the different parts. Part A. Describe two (2) factors that led to decreased gas exchange and her inability to breath. Part B. Explain why Sarah would have elevated levels of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate and how this will impact oxygen delivery to tissues. (1 mark) Part C. Explain why the decrease in partial pressure of oxygen will affect the mother more than the foetus. (1 mark) Part D. The baby was delivered prematurely. Explain why he was placed on a ventilator due to collapsed lungs. (1 mark)

Discuss what is Multiple System Atrophy (including symptoms and prognosis), how it relates to the basic anatomy and physiology of the ANS, and the basis of treatments.