1. During exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles must increase to meet the increase in oxygen demand for ATP (energy) production. The initial response that increases blood flow to the muscle cells is automatic and independent of the nervous and endocrine systems.

1. Which type of homeostatic regulation is this? Explain.

Identify the phrases that correctly apply to how affinity determines receptor-ligand interactions. Select all that apply.

* allows receptors to recognize only a signal that they are made for

* allows receptors to form non-covalent bonds with messenger molecules

*relies on molecular fit between two molecules

* allows receptors to distinguish between very similar molecules

* in simple words it is just a strength of ligand binding

* is a measure of strength of binding

determines which type of ligands will bind to a receptor

Cystic fibrosis is genetic disease caused by mutations in the CFTR gene. The consequence of this is production of an abnormal transmembrane protein that is responsible for producing sweat, mucus, and digestive fluids.

Explain in depth the correlation between the defective gene and the abnormal protein that is produced. Be sure to mention the process involved in protein production, whether or not those process(s) have occurred, and their end products. Provide details in your explanation and support your answer with facts from your textbook, research, and articles from scholarly journals.

Pregnancy Questions:

A) Where would you expect to find aromatase in the fetal-placental unit?

Select one:

a. Syncytiotrophoblast cells

b. Cytotrophoblast cells

c. The fetal adrenal glands

d. There is no aromatase expressed in either the placenta or fetus

B) Match the structure with the cells or groups of cells from which it develops.

Structures:

- yolk sac

- amnion

- nervous system

- embryo as a whole

- chorion

Cells/Groups of Cells to choose from:

- Embryonic ectoderm

- Extraembryonic mesoderm and extraembryonic endoderm

- Extraembryonic mesoderm and extraembryonic ectoderm

- Inner cell mass

- Extraembryonic mesoderm and trophoblast cells

47) Receptors seeing stimuli is ___________, which means nothing until the brain accomplishes ___________.

A) perception; sensation                 B) sensation; motivation            

C) motivation; perception                 D) sensation; perception

48) Taste and olfactory senses depend on _______________ for sensation to occur.

A) odorants               B) acids               C) chemicals in solution            D) chemicals

50) This taste category does not rely on GPCRs for sensation to occur.

A) umami               B) sweet               C) sour               D) bitter

51) The pancreas secretes ___________ and _____________, which perform opposite functions in our bodies.

A) glycogen; insulin            B) glucagon; insulin            C) glucose; insulin            D) glycerin; insulation

52) The T8 spinal nerve pair exits the vertebral column _______________ while the C5 spinal nerve pair exits the vertebral column ________________.

A) below vertebra T8; above vertebra C5               B) above vertebra T8; above vertebra C5

C) below vertebra T8; below vertebra C5               D) above vertebra T8; below vertebra C5

53) Some large arteries proximal to the heart are sensitive to stretch of blood vessels. This stretch indicates blood pressure. Which of the below options best fits the receptor type that is being described above?

A) mechanoreceptors that are also interoceptors     B) thermoreceptors that are also interoceptors

C) mechanoreceptors that are also exteroceptors     D) thermoreceptors that are also exteroceptors

57) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ________.

A) increases urine production               B) promotes dehydration

C) is produced by the anterior pituitary               D) secretion is inhibited by alcohol

71) Which of the following appears to exert the most direct influence over autonomic functions?

A) hypothalamus               B) midbrain               C) reticular formation               D) medulla oblongata

75) Which of the following is mismatched?

A) gallbladder contracts to expel bile; parasympathetic               B) bronchiole dilation in lungs; sympathetic

C) peni ejaculation; sympathetic               D) promotes urination; sympathetic