What do bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose, and blood have in common that classify them as connective tissues? And what are their characteristics?

1. How is the contraction of a skeletal muscle cell different than the contraction of a smooth muscle cell? How does this aid in each muscle cell's function? 2. What is the purpose of myoglobin in slow-twitch muscle fibers? Why is there more myoglobin in slow-twitch muscle fibers than in fast-twitch fibers? 3. What is the purpose of gap junctions in cardiac muscle cells and some smooth muscle cells?

Define temporal and special summation

Ms. Y has suddenly experienced a substantial loss of endurance capacity. Six months ago, she was a good runner and swimmer, capable of exercising for hours, yet now she can only exercise for a few minutes before tiring.

As the local physiology expert, you are called in to help the M.D. diagnose the problem.

Her red blood cell count and hemoglobin levels are normal. What problems do these results eliminate? 1 pt

Heart rate is normal at rest, but goes to a very high level (near 200 beats per min) even with mild exercise.

First, you must determine whether the primary problem is with the respiratory system or the cardiovascular system.

You measure arterial P_O2, arterial hemoglobin per cent saturation, and arterial P_CO2.

If the problem is with the respiratory system, what should the numbers be for these parameters? (2 pts)

Arterial P_O2

Hemoglobin percent saturation:

arterial P_CO2:

Explain why. 1 pt.

If the problem is with the cardiovascular system (such as anemia or a weak left ventricle), what should the numbers be for these parameters? Explain why (2 pts)

Arterial P_O2:

arterial hemoglobin percent saturation:

arterial P_CO2:

Explain why.

Suppose you determine that the problem is with the respiratory system.

Your next goal is to determine whether the problem is with alveolar ventilation (getting fresh air to the alveoli, as can occur with asthma) or diffusion (getting oxygen from alveoli to blood, as can occur with pulmonary edema). Assume you can measure oxygen (P_O2) in the exhaled air, the alveoli, and the arterial blood.

How should these P_O2 values compare to normal if the problem is inadequate alveolar ventilation? (3 pts)

exhaled P_O2?

alveolar P_O2?

arterial P_O2?

Explain why .

How should these P_O2 values compare to normal if the problem is a poor alveolar diffusing capacity? (2 pts)

exhaled P_O2?

alveolar P_O2?

arterial P_O2?

Explain why.

Briefly describe the pathway of light through the human eye to the retina. (right sequence)

make sure you have included all the components the light goes through in the human eye. It is essential to provide the components in the right sequence, starting from the more exteriorly located.

Hemopoiesis is the

• loss of blood due to hemorrhaging.

• production of only red blood cells.

• production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.

• plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding.

• migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues.

Sputum is obtained by

• swabbing the mouth to sample saliva.

• a clean catch urine sample.

• the patient coughing up mucus from the lower respiratory system.

• a spinal tap above the chest.

• a throat swab.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is

• removed from the atmosphere during photosynthesis.

• a source of carbon.

• returned to the atmosphere during respiration and fermentation.

• used by marine organisms to make limestone for their hard shells.

• All of these choices are correct.

The conversion of gaseous nitrogen (N₂) to the ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) occurs during

• ammonification.

• nitrogen fixation.

• photosynthesis.

• nitrification.

• denitrification.

I am not sure if the ones that I did answer were correct and wanted to make sure.

Answer the following questions about the anatomy of muscle:

1. Combination of myofilaments lead to formation of ______________________
2. Myosin is the make-up of the ______thick______________ filament, while actin protein is the make-up of _______thin_____________ filament  
3. Plasma membrane of muscles are known as ______sarcolemma_____________________
4. Sarcolemma dips down into the cell to produce tube like structures known as _____________________
5. Connective tissue that wraps around multiple muscle fibers is known as _________________________ producing a structure known as ____________________________.
6. Connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers is known as __________________________.
7. Myofibrils are combined together to form ________________________
8. Endoplasmic reticulum in muscle fibers is known as ___________________________
9. Two types of myofilaments are:
   1. __Thick_________ filament which is made up of ________myosin_______ protein
   2. ____Thin_______ filament which is made up of ___actin, tropomyosin, and & troponin_____ protein
10. Myosin + actin filaments are combined to form _________________________
11. Vertical division of myofibrils are called ___Z-line__________________
12. Contractile portion of muscle fibers is called _____sarcomere________.
13. _Sarcoplasmic reticulum______ structure of muscle fiber is responsible for storage of calcium.