how smooth increase in muscle force is produced

Topic 11: Nephron physiology

Describe in detail the physical of all components of the nephron

• Glomerular capsule

• Proximal convoluted tubule

• Loop of Henle

• Distal convoluted tubule

• Collecting duct

In your discretion be sure to include the various permeability and movements of the following

• Water

• Potassium

• Sodium

• Glucose

• Hydrogen ions

Also, include

• How the vertical osmotic gradient is established and why this is significant

• The role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) vasopressin and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in urine formation.

1. Predict the effect of hypothermia and dehydration (low blood flow) on release of neurotransmitter (ACh) on the muscle fiber?

(Think about the relationship of aerobic mechanism, ATP, mitochondria, exocytosis, active and transport)

a. more ACh releases

b. less ACh release

c. same amount of ACh releaes

d. none of the choices

2. Acetylcholine is released from a neuron /

a. Through exocytosis when a vesicle fuses with the membrane.

b. by rapid diffusion when a voltage-gated ion channel opens for it.

c. by conduction through a gap junction from nerve to muscle.

d. by a primary active transport pump.

3. Predict what will happen if most of the ACh-esterase were removed from synaptic cleft: less Ach will be available

a. More ACh will be available

b. Less ACh will be available

c. There will be more Na/K pump activity

d. There will be less Na/K pump activity

4. The sodium-potassium pump moves/

a. sodium into the cell and potassium out of the cell

b.sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell

c. sodium and potassium into the cell

d. sodium and potassium out of the cell

Removing Pi from Na-K pump, the pump opens toward inside the cell. True or False?

Enzymes increase the speed of a reaction by decreasing the activation energy. Group of answer choices True False

The greater the lipid solubility of a substance, the slower the substance can diffuse through the membrane's lipid bilayer down its concentration gradient. Group of answer choices True False

By changing two Pyruvates to two AcoA, cell produces 2 NADH Group of answer choices True False

Secondary active transport usually occurs as a coupled transport process. Group of answer choices True False

You put one RBC in a 0.8 Osm solution. The RBC would Group of answer choices

crenate

remain constant

It ruptures there is not enough information to answer this question

Suzy is a 14 year old with pulmonary fibrosis. This disease causes progressive scarring of the lungs and therefore, reduced inspiratory volumes and chronic hypoxemia. Suzy is very inquisitive. Due to her disease, she knows that when she breathes in, her lungs help to bring oxygen into her blood, and when she breathes out, she gets rid of carbon dioxide from her blood. At her appointment today, you note that she has cyanosis (blue coloration) and clubbing in her fingers and toes – symptoms of hypoxemia. When Suzy asks why her fingers and toes look the way they do, you tell her that she is not getting enough oxygen to them. This answer does not satisfy Suzy! She then asks:

1. “How EXACTLY does oxygen get into my blood and carbon dioxide get out of my blood when I breathe?” (How do I oxygenate my blood?)

2. “And how does the oxygen get from my blood into my toes and fingers so they won’t turn blue?” (How do I oxygenate my tissues?)

Be thorough (or Suzy will just keep asking “how…why?” She is annoying like that!)

For both 1 and 2: Be sure you describe the events in the correct sequence. Your answer should include the how each gas’s partial pressure affects its diffusion, and the chemical reactions that occur within the blood during gas exchange.

3. Concerned, the doctor asks you to determine Suzy’s inspiratory reserve volume (IRV). Using a spirometer, you measure her tidal volume (TV) at 100 mL, expiatory reserve volume (ERV) at 800 mL, and her vital capacity (VC) at 1100 mL. What is her inspiratory reserve volume?

4. Finally, you treat Suzy by giving oxygen via a mask. Explain why this would be helpful in oxygenating her blood even though her inspiratory volumes are reduced.

discuss lungs volume

What would happen to a pregnancy if you removed the corpus luteum during the initial stages of conceptus development? Explain why

What would happen to a pregnancy if you prevented hCG levels from rising during the initial stages of conceptus development?

What are the different shock types, causes, and clinical manifestations?

Using the gonadostat theory of puberty as a framework, how do you think the positive feedback effects of estradiol change during puberty? Explain your answer in terms of the sensitivity of feedback systems. There is no need to reference the coincidence model of ovulation to answer this question

In your own words, describe the physiologic functions of the following gastric secretions: hydrochloric acid, pepsin, gastric lipase, intrinsic factor. In your own words, describe the stages of gastric activity: cephalic, gastric, and intestinal.

a. You sprained your ankle. What two things can be done to aspirin to reduce stomach bleeding and explain why it works.

b. Explain how taking Aspirin reduces one's risk of heart attacks.

NOTE: Include in your answer the physiology of the systems involved.

HOW? The salicylic portion of aspirin INHIBITS the synthesis of PROSTAGLANDINS by INHIBITING CYCLOOXYGENASE - this does not allow prostaglandin to do its job - blood clotting (plateletts aggregate).

c. What is the general relationship between the hormone prostaglandin and the roles of Aspirin, Ibuprofen and Naproxen?

1) Outline the primary mechanism of control of the thyroid gland via the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. Include all hormones involved.