Answer the following:

Describe the mechanisms by which acetylcholine affects heart rate.

Describe the mechanisms by which epinephrine affects heart rate.

Describe the mechanisms by which atropine followed by acetylcholine affects heart rate.

Epinephrine mimics the effects of which branch of the autonomic nervous system?

Compare the effect of acetylcholine on cardiac muscle with its effect on skeletal muscle. Can you explain the mechanistic basis for the difference?

a) hyponatraemia occurs when serum sodium levels drop too much. Why do you think drinking

deionized water would result in low blood sodium levels?

b) What could have the individual added to her water to prevent this from happening, and why

would this have prevented hyponatraemia? Incorporate your knowledge of concentration

gradients and diffusion.

c) Over-hydration can be treated if caught in its early stages. What do you think would be the

quickest way to restore the patient's serum sodium levels?

Gene Matson, a 75-year old male, was brought to the hospital by his son following the acute onset of left-side numbness and weakness that began one hour prior to admission. His son stated that two weeks prior to admission Gene had a single, 12-hour episode of garbled speech and left-side and arm weakness. Following the first episode, the right carotid angiogram was performed and showed a narrowing of the carotid at about mid-way.

Questions: 1. What abnormality does the angiogram show? What kind of lesion a "narrowing" may represent? 2. Relate the findings in the angiogram to the patient's past and present neurological problems in terms of: a. How the vascular lesion could lead to neurological problems. b. What specific blood vessel in the brain must have been affected by the process "a" to account for his symptoms.

Past medical history of Mr. Matson: The patient has a history of moderate hypertension treated with calcium channel blockers. History of hypercholesterolemia also. Mr. Matson smoked one pack of cigarettes per day for forty years, and drank approximately four beers per day for severe years.
Physical Exam: Temperature: 37 degrees Celsius Pulse 72 Respiration rate: 12 Blood pressure 170/100
Neurological exam: Showed left-sided hemiplegia (paralysis on one side) and hemianesthesia (numbness on one side)

Questions:

1. What are pertinent aspects of the patient's past medical history that are risk factors for his current medical problem?

2. Damage to which lob(s) accounts for the patient's sensory and motor deficits?

3. Give an explanation for why the damage tot he right side of the brain may cause sensory and motor problems on the contralateral (opposite) side of the body.

4. Is there a surgical procedure that might have prevented the current episode? if so, what is the procedure called?

1. What are the external anatomical structures of the male reproductive system? What are their primary functions?

300 words explain: Disorders of the large intestine What is one example of a disorder that can effect the large intestine? What effect does the disorder have on the large intestine? Can the disorder be prevented? Why or why not?

Vaccines and pathogens have different intended consequences, yet they elicit similar physiological changes in the individual. How does the body respond if both events happen concurrently in an individual?

Your task is to discuss how does the immune system utilizes the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems to defend the host against invasion of pathogens. 1. An individual finds himself infected by a previously undiscovered pathogen, Transmissio. A.What is the body’s initial response and long term effects?

1i.) What is the hepatic response to malnutrition or fasting?

ii.) What are the consequence of malnutrition and/or fasting?

Past paper question

1.The sympathetic nervous system will do the following except:

a)increase vasodilation in the blood vessels in skeletal muscle
b)increase vasoconstriction in the skin
c)increase vasodilation in the blood vessels in the kidneys
d)increase vasodilation in the blood vessels in cardiac muscles

2.Parasympathetic acetylcholine opens Ca2+channels when regulating hearts.

a)True
b)False

3.Essential hypertension could result from the following except
a)kidney disease resulting in decreased urine production
b)increased salt uptake with reduced ability of kidneys to filter
c)increased sympathetic nerve activity
d)increased total peripheral resistance

4)Oncotic pressure normally helps to draw fluid into
a)interstitial fund
b)venous ends of capillaries
c)arterial ends of capillaries

Differentiate between oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells

What is the role of calcium in neurotransmitter release?

Adults with severe anemia will sometimes have yellow marrow convert back to red marrow. What kind of feedback is this and how do you know?

3.sometimes we use them interchangeably but they really are two very different things - salt and sodium. Explain their differences and their impacts on health and particularly hydration and fluid status.

4.What does potassium do and where do we get it?

Please use this discussion to explain Glycolysis how you understand it.

Create a table of the different classes of neurotransmitters. List names of neurotransmitters, their implications in human disease,  and their main functions .

What is a suggested pathological outcome of increased high fructose corn syrup consumption and what is the potential biochemical mechanism? Please detail the metabolism of this nutrient.