1. Brooke has been feeling ill lately and she goes to the emergency room. She has been vomiting excessively for 4 days and unable to hold down any food or water. Tests are run, and her arterial blood gas comes back as follows:

pH: 7.6

pCO₂: 55mmHg

HCO₃^-:  28mEq

Diagnose the acid base disturbance. How do you know (i.e. is pH alkaline or acidic, is pCO2 alkaline or acidic, is bicarb alkaline or acidic) (3 POINTS)? What is likely the cause of this imbalance, why? How would the respiratory system compensate for this imbalance (2 POINTS)? How would the urinary system compensate for this imbalance.

2. What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? How does the GFR relate to net filtration pressure? What are 2 physiological mechanisms that can change the GFR, briefly explain how they affect the GFR? Identify a hormone that will increase the GFR. Identify a hormone that will decrease the GFR .

1. Which of the following statements regarding uterine function is NOT correct?
   1. The cervical region of the uterus is the most likely site of successful implantation
   2. The myometrium contracts to expel the fetus during labor
   3. Mature sperm can actually survive in the female reproductive tract for several days
   4. The endometrium is the functional layer of zygote implantation

2. True or False:            Cryptorchidism, or failure of testes to descend out of the abdomen decreases male fertility & is a major risk factor for testicular cancer.
   1. True                                                                               b. False

3. Which structure of the male reproductive system is responsible for production of the majority of volume in semen/seminal fluid?
   1. The prostate                                                              c. The seminiferous tubules
   2. The seminal vesicles                                                d. The bulbourethral glands

4. In humans, separation of the cells at the post-fertilization stem cell only state, before differentiation of cells/tissue, may lead to the production of what?
   1. Identical twins                                                           c. A non-viable zygote
   2. Fraternal twins                                                          d. fetus from two different sperm cells

5. The hormone progesterone is responsible for which of the following changes in reproductive anatomy or physiology?
   1. Contraction of uterine muscles                          c. Secondary sex traits
   2. Myometrium growth                                              d. Maintenance of corpus luteum

6. Which of the following statements concerning the mammary glands is correct?
   1. Both sexes are equally prone to breast cancer
   2. A mobile, spongy, & painful breast lumps is worrisome for most breast cancers
   3. The area immediately surrounding the nipple/areola is most prone to cancer
   4. Mammary glands are a highly modified type of sweat gland

• • Tubular Secretion
    • Removes ____________ and ___________ ___________ from blood
• _________________ urethral sphincter: Smooth muscle; involuntary
• _________________ urethral sphincter: Skeletal muscle; voluntary
• Urinary _____________________: Lack of voluntary control over urination
• Urinary ________________: Failure to expel urine from the bladder to a normal degree
• Healthy urine typically contains _____________ ______________ when properly collected
• How do Kidneys help regulate blood pH?
  • __________________: Increases reabsorption of sodium by the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts, resulting in more water following sodium as it moves from filtrate to blood
    • Released in response to ________________ ________________ monitored by juxtaglomerular apparatus
  • ______________ _________________: Increases permeability to water of collecting ducts, resulting in more water moving from filtrate to blood

1. Discuss how gastrointestinal pathogens bypass the immune system within the GI-

2. What are enterotoxins and how do these differ from other bacterial toxins that we have discussed previously?

Individuals with diabetes mellitus have an increased risk for developing kidney disease due to accumulated damage to the nephrons. Based on our discussion of filtration, explain how an ACE inhibitor may prevent damage to the kidney individuals with diabetes. Explain how an ACE inhibitor works, what blood vessel(s) and any other structures that would be directly impacted by an ACE inhibitor, and how treatment with an ACE inhibitor could prevent damage to the nephrons.

Describe the mechanisms by which the body monitors and reacts to increased carbon dioxide production (for example, increased metabolism during exercise). How does this reflex remove the excess carbon dioxide?

1. What is a normal sperm count?

2. Describe the two stages of the male sexual response. Don’t forget ANS control.

3. Describe the duct system of the male reproductive system beginning with seminiferous tubules.

Trace the flow of lymph from the right wrist to the right atrium.

14. The placenta releases estrogen and progesterone. It also releases chorionic somatomammotropin hormone. What is its function?

15. Compare and contrast oogenesis and spermatogenesis.

8. Draw a sperm and label the parts and give their functions.

9. Draw a graph showing how estrogen, progesterone, LH, and FSH fluctuate during the ovarian cycle. On the graph label the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle.

10. What is the function of the 4 hormones mentioned in #8? What structure makes each of these hormones?

discuss the regulation of gastric secretion, gastric mobility and gastric emptying. Include both neural and chemically mediated processes and mechanisms for both stimulation and inhibition

1N - Part 1

In a functioning human eye, light enters the human eye through the lense and reaches the retina. What does the retina interpret or record the light as and what type of message does it convert it into?

1N - Part 2

In regard to the above, where does the retina send the message it converts light into to, and through which nerve does it send it?

1N - Part 3

If a person’s eye is damaged in a way that obstructs light from reaching the retina, what impact can this have on their sight?

1N - Part 4

Briefly explain how the sense of sight contributes to a person’s sense of equilibrium?

1N - Part 5

What are the hair-like structures in the nasal cavity that contribute to the human sense of smell called?

1N - Part 6

In regard to the above, explain what these hair-like structures do when they sense odour in order to allow humans to have a sense of smell?

1N - Part 7

What other sense does human’s sense of smell enhance?

1N - Part 8

Which part of the ear is made up of the pinna and the external auditory canal?

1N - Part 9

Briefly explain the role/function of the pinna and the external auditory canal play in the human sense of hearing?

Tom is a 36 year-old businessman that likes to compete in outdoor, high-intensity fitness events every few months. Between the events, he performs workouts with a mix of strength and cardiovascular training 4-5 days per week. Tom recently went to a physical therapist because he was experiencing discomfort in both knees when he ran or performed lunges and squats. The physical therapist discovered weakness in his hips' abductors and external rotators. The physical therapist discharged Tom and sent him to you to strengthen those muscle groups.

For your assignment, fill out the movement analysis form for a one-arm dumbbell row. What are the common compensations you might see, and how will you cue the client to correct each one? Your answer should be at least 250 words.

The movement analysis includes:

step 1: divide exercise into eccentric//concentric movements

step 2: identify all critical events

1K - Part 1

What other human body system is the lymphatic system a vital part of?

1K - Part 2

Explain how the lymphatic vessels assist the body in maintaining homeostasis in terms of fluid balance.

1K - Part 3

What is the name of the fluid that the lymphatic vessels circulate throughout the body and what does it contain?

Activity 1K

Refer to the lesson material, in particular the section on the lymphatic system, and then answer the following questions.

1K - Part 1

What other human body system is the lymphatic system a vital part of?

1K - Part 2

Explain how the lymphatic vessels assist the body in maintaining homeostasis in terms of fluid balance.

1K - Part 3

What is the name of the fluid that the lymphatic vessels circulate throughout the body and what does it contain?

1K - Part 4

In how many directions do the lymphatic vessels circulate the fluid you have named throughout the lymphatic system?

1K - Part 5

As a part of the lymphatic system, what are lymph nodes responsible for filtering and how do they help protect the human body from viruses and infection?

1K - Part 6

Give examples of two specific locations within the body where there are lymph nodes.

1K - Part 7

Which part of the lymphatic system is responsible for filtering blood and what does it remove from the blood in filtering it?

1K - Part 8

Explain the role that bone marrow plays as a part of the lymphatic system.

How to calculate the mtabolic ratio of the entire experiment, when the concentration of caffeine and paraxanthine the urine sample is given ?