Does aging affect the immunological advantages of regular exercise. If so, how and why ?

All of the following statements are true EXCEPT:

1. Elevating the ribs decreases the size of the thorax

2. when the diaphragm relaxes, it takes on a rounded dome - like shape

3. changes in the size of the thorax bring about inhalation and exhalation

4. When the diaphragm contracts, it pulls the floor of the thoracic cavity inferiorly

2. why do you think mucus production is especially important in the olfactory epithelium?

Describe two structures that increase the absorptive surface area of the small intestine...looking for an good and understandable explanation answer, for this question, question

describe two enzymes found in the mouth, two enzymes found in the stomach, and two enzymes found in the small intestines and describe one organic compound that each enzyme breaks down.....i need a good and understandable explanation , answer for this question ,thank u

True false questions

Neuron cell bodies are only found in CNS but not in PNS, while axons are the opposite. True False

If the threshold for AP is set at -60mV, a neuron receives total 8 EPSPs of -65mV and 6 IPSPs of -75mV, after the summation, this neuron will launch an AP.  True  False

Sodium-potassium exchange pump is the key factor in maintaining the concentration gradients of the cations across the plasma membrane. True  False

The resting potential, -70mV, being close to K⁺ equilibrium potential, -90mV, is because neuron is much leakier to K⁺ than to Na⁺. True False

Axon hillock is where the threshold potential is set to launch an action potential. True False

K⁺ leak channel is responsible for both hyperpolarization and repolarization in the action potential. True False

1. To be accurate in measuring blood pressure, a person should not drink coffee and smoke cigarette for at least 24 hours from the time of measurement. (True/ False)

2. The term blood pressure usually refers to the pressure in the arteries, veins, and capillaries. (True/ False)

3. The Angiotensin-1 is a substance normally present in the:

a. Blood

b. liver

c. Kidney

d. Bone marrow

4. Systolic blood pressure of less than 135 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure of less than 95 mmHg is called hypotension. (True/ False)

5. Systolic blood pressure of the vein equal to 70 mmHg. (True/ False)

6. During exercise, for example, a greater percentage of the total blood flow is diverted to skeletal muscles leading to a sudden drop in blood pressure. (True/ False)

7. One hormone regulates blood pressure:

a. Prolactin

b. Vasopressin

c. Aldosterone

d. Corticosteroid

8. In measuring diastolic blood pressure, heart sound must be heard by the stethoscope when the sphygmomanometer recording normal blood pressure of 80 mmHg.  (True/ False)

9. High blood cholesterol interferes with the elasticity of the arteries resulting in increased blood pressure.  (True/ False)

10. Hormones regulate blood pressure by the alternation of:

a. Body temperature

b. Cardiac output

c. Venous blood retention

d. Pulse rate

11. To get the best results in measuring blood pressure, the arm must be resting on a table so that it is about the same level as the heart.  (True/ False)

12. Typically blood pressure is usually measured in the brachial artery in the left arm by using sphygmomanometer and stethoscope. (True/ False)

13. Renin as hormone secrets by:

a. Kidney

b. Liver

c. Bone marrow

d. Spleen

14. Both blood pressure and pulse rate are related to heart pumping blood in the arterial blood vessels. (True/ False)

Compare and contrast cardiac and skeletal muscle in the following:

Cellular structure

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Action potential of Skeletal Muscle cells and Cardiac Contractile muscle cells

Production of ATP

Role of Calcium

Mechanisms for increased strength/force of contraction

How does the structure of the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule fit its function.
        please make it clear . Thanks

describe the impact of acquired brain injury in canada.include a minimum of 3 details with supporting information

5. You are consuming a food item that contains carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and a substance A stipulated to not be digestible by human enzymes, but digestible by bacterial enzymes into substance B. Discuss where and how each of the five nutrient types will be digested (multiple locations may be required), and how their absorbable components (monosaccharides, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides, and substance B) will be absorbed by the body. Include in your response a complete review of the entire digestive system (not just the digestive tract), including all physical structures the food item will encounter, all digestive secretions (including a breakdown of all enzymatic and non-enzymatic components, and their functions) the food item will occur, and the tissue/organ structures responsible for generating those secretions.

1. Salmonella entericaTyphi is located in the ______________ of chronically infected carriers.
   1. Colon
   2. Large intestine
   3. Small intestine
   4. Gallbladder
2. Which strain of E. coliis the cause of “traveler’s diarrhea?”
   1. Enterophatogenic (EPEC)
   2. Enterotoxigenic (ETEC)
   3. Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC)
   4. Enteroaggregtive (EAEC)
3. Listeria monocytogenesinfection of pregnant women can result in?
   1. Miscarriage
   2. Stillbirth
   3. Premature labor
   4. All of the above
4. The most common source of botulism is…
   1. undercooked meat, poultry, or fish
   2. ready-to-eat meat and unpasteurized dairy
   3. undercooked eggs
   4. improperly home-canned goods
5. TRUE or FALSE: Norovirus can be shed in the feces up to two weeks after symptoms are gone.
   1. True
   2. False
6. One week after returning to the United States after visiting family in India a college student went to the campus health clinic with mild fever, a headache, and general malaise. The doctor prescribed Tylenol and rest. The symptoms did not resolve, and the student returned the clinic a week later with high fever, delirium, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. What is your diagnosis?
   1. Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella enterica typhi
   2. Salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enterica thyphimurium
   3. Cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae
   4. Traveler’s diarrhea caused by Enterotoxigenic E.coli(ETEC)
7. “Rice water” stool is a characteristic symptom of…
   1. E. colifood infection
   2. Typhoid fever
   3. Cholera
   4. Norovirus
8. While visiting her grandparent’s farm a 12-year old girl ate sunny side up eggs and toast for breakfast. The girl had helped her grandma collect the eggs that morning from the chicken coupe. Before super the child started complaining of a headache, chills, vomiting, and diarrhea. The child’s grandma gave her Gatorade, put her in bed to rest, and monitored her closely for the next two days after which her symptoms were gone. The child experienced a mild fever for the next two days but otherwise felt fine. The child most likely had?
   1. Staphylococcal food poisoning caused by Staphylococcus aureus
   2. Salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enterica thyphimurium
   3. “The stomach flu” caused by Clostridium prefringenes
   4. Botulism cased by caused by Clostridium botulinum
9. A 70-year old man was admitted to the hospital for kidney failure and bloody diarrhea. However he did not have a fever, and had not history of renal or kidney issues. He was given supportive care and monitored closely. Unfortunately, due to is age the man did not survive the illness. Upon questioning the family at the hospital the next day. The patient’s granddaughter said her granddad like to have the occasional White Castle burger as a “treat.” What is your diagnosis?
   1. Enterotoxigenic E. coli(ETEC)
   2. Enteropathogenic E. coli(EPEC)
   3. Enterohemorrhagic E. coli(EHEC)
   4. Enteroaggregative E. coli(EAEC)
10. During the Listeria monocytogenesinfectious cycle?
    1. The bacterium survives inside the phagolysosome
    2. The bacterium creates comet-like tails from host actin to propel itself into nearby uninfected cells
    3. Creates an exotoxin that ruptures gastric epithelial cells
11. The best way to prevent foodborne illness is…
    1. Wash hands before and after handling food
    2. Properly cook meat to appropriate temperature
    3. Wash fruits and vegetables
    4. Refrigerate leftover foods ASAP
    5. All of the above
12. Campylobacter food infection results from consuming…
    1. Undercooked poultry or pork
    2. Raw eggs
    3. Unpasteurized milk
    4. Raw shellfish
    5. A and D
13. An exotoxin that acts on the small intestine is called an
    1. Endotoxin
    2. Enterotoxin
    3. Neurotoxin
    4. Alphatoxin

1. Staphylococcus aureus is a common causative agent of foodborne disease because it
   1. Tolerates many common high-salt and high-fat foods
   2. Is present in some humans that work in food preparation
   3. Produces several heat-stable enterotoxins
   4. All of the above
2. EHEC produces a toxin called, ____________, that can cause kidney failture.
   1. Endotoxin
   2. Exotoxin
   3. Verotoxin
   4. High fever
3. Ingesting food containing bacterial toxins results in _________, whereas ingesting food contaminated with viable bacteria that replicate in the body results in __________.  
   1. Food infection / food poisoning
   2. Food poisoning / food infection
   3. Both result in food poisoning
   4. Both result in food infection
4. Listeria monocytogenesis?
   1. Acid-tolerant
   2. Cold-tolerant
   3. Salt-tolerant
   4. Acid-, cold-, and salt-tolerant
5. The most common source of Escherichia coli(EHEC) food poisoning is contaminated
   1. Meat
   2. Fruits
   3. Grains
   4. Milk and milk products
6. Legionella pneumophila is generally transmitted by
   1. Ingesting contaminated food
   2. Drinking contaminated water
   3. Inhaling aerosols from contaminated water in coolers, pools, and domestic water systems
   4. Person-to-person contact
7. Wastewater is considered…?
   1. sewage
   2. water runoff from industrial plants
   3. bath water, dish water, et.
   4. all of the above
8. Clostridium perfringens food poisoning leads to diarrhea, because the
   1. toxin causes the shedding of the intestinal lining.
   2. permeability of the intestinal epithelium is altered by the toxin it produces.
   3. disease causes such extreme thirst that the patient drinks more water than can be absorbed.
   4. organism multiplies more rapidly than the immune system can handle.
9. All of the organisms below require a HIGHinfectious dose to cause disease, EXCEPT?
   1. Vibrio cholerae
   2. Salmonella entericaTyphi
   3. Norovirus
   4. Clostridium perfringens
10. The symptoms of cholera are caused by?
    1. Active replication of Vibrio cholerain the small intestine
    2. Ruffling of host cell cytoplasmic membrane
    3. Cholera toxin induces massive water movement into the intestinal lumen
    4. Cholera toxin blocks release of water into intestinal lumen