Question

1. Classifications of Skeletal System

   1. Axial

   2. Appendicular

2. Functions of the Skeletal System

   1. supports the body

   2. facilitates movement

   3. protects internal organs

   4. produces blood cells

   5. stores and releases minerals and fat

3. Bone classification & Structure

   1. Flat, irregular, short, long, sesamoid

4. Bone Anatomy

   1. Long and Short bone

5. Bone Physiology (Tissue)

   1. Compact vs Spongy Bone

   2. Cells of the bone, their functions, and how they develop

   3. Matrix

   4. Mineral salts (calcium & phosphorus)

   5. Osteon structure and function

   6. Bone Marrow

   7. Blood and Nerve supply

6. Bone Deposition and Resorption

   1. Calcium Homeostasis

   2. Vitamin D (Calcitriol’s function)

7. Bone Formation

   1. Endochondral Ossification

   2. Intramembranous ossification

   3. Bone Elongation (zones of growth)

8. Bone Repair

9. Classification of Joints

   1. Fibrous (Synarthrodial)

   2. Cartilaginous (Amphiarthrodial)

   3. Synovial (Diarthrodial)

10. Anatomy of the Knee & Shoulder Joint

Answer 1

● Classification of Skeletal system :

Axial and Appendicular Skeletons The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body and consists of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral and pelvic girdles, the limb bones, and the bones of the hands and feet.

● Functions :

The skeletal system has many functions. Besides giving us our human shape and features, it:

• Allows movement: Your skeleton supports your body weight to help you stand and move. Joints, connective tissue and muscles work together to make your body parts mobile.
• Produces blood cells: Bones contain bone marrow. Red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.
• Protects and supports organs: Your skull shields your brain, your ribs protect your heart and lungs, and your backbone protects your spine.
• Stores minerals: Bones hold your body’s supply of minerals like calcium and vitamin D.

Bone Classifications
Bone classification	Features	Function(s)	Examples
Long	Cylinder-like shape, longer than it is wide	Leverage	Femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, humerus, ulna, radius, metacarpals, phalanges
Short	Cube-like shape, approximately equal in length, width, and thickness	Provide stability, support, while allowing for some motion	Carpals, tarsals
Flat	Thin and curved	Points of attachment for muscles; protectors of internal organs	Sternum, ribs, scapulae, cranial bones
Irregular	Complex shape	Protect internal organs	Vertebrae, facial bones
Sesamoid	Small and round; embedded in tendons	Protect tendons from compressive forces	Patellae

●Long bone anatomy : A long bone has two parts: the diaphysis and the epiphysis. The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow marrow.

Short bone anatomy :

A short bone is one that is cube-like in shape, being approximately equal in length, width, and thickness. The only short bones in the human skeleton are in the carpals of the wrists and the tarsals of the ankles. Short bones provide stability and support as well as some limited motion.

●Bone Physiology :

Its mechanical nature provides support for locomotion and offers protection to vulnerable internal organs, it forms a reservoir for storage of calcium and phosphate in the body, and it provides an environment for bone marrow and for the development of haematopoietic cells.

Bone serves three main physiological functions. Its mechanical nature provides support for locomotion and offers protection to vulnerable internal organs, it forms a reservoir for storage of calcium and phosphate in the body, and it provides an environment for bone marrow and for the development of haematopoietic cells. The traditional view of a passive tissue responding to hormonal and dietary influences has changed over the past half century to one of a dynamic adaptive tissue responding to mechanical demands. This chapter gathers together some recent advances in bone physiology and molecular cell biology and discusses the potential application of the bone's functional adaptation to loading in enhancing bone strength during childhood and adolescence.

●Compact bone vs Spongy bone :

Compact bone tissue is composed of osteons and forms the external layer of all bones. Spongy bone tissue is composed of trabeculae and forms the inner part of all bones.

●

Cell Types in Bones

Osteoblasts, which do not divide, synthesize and secrete the collagen matrix and calcium salts. ... Osteogenic cells are undifferentiated and develop into osteoblasts. When osteoblasts get trapped within the calcified matrix, their structure and function changes; they become osteocytes.

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