List the players in a general immune response and explain each with one to two sentences.

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Expert Solution

There are two major subsystems of the immune system: the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. Both subsystems use humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity to perform their functions

innate immune system :- It is the natural immunity with which each organism is born with .

adaptive immune system :- it is a slower-acting, longer-lasting, and more specific response than the innate response. develops throughout our lives.

humoral immunity :- The immunity that is mediated by macromolecules of the extracellular fluids such as secreted antibodies, complement proteins, and certain antimicrobial peptides.It involves the formation of antibodies mainly.

The different components of the humoral immunity are as follows:-

Complement :- Soluble components in the serum that are capable of killing microorganisms

Antitoxins, hemolysins , Bacteriolysins :- Substances in the serum that can neutralize the activity of toxins ,lyse the red blood cells , lyse the bacterial cells etc.

Opsonins :- Evade the phagocytic cells in the body

cell-mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytic, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to antigen.

The various components of the Cell mediated immunity are as follows :-

T-cell mediated immunity or T-cell immunity: activating antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells that are able to induce apoptosis in body cells displaying epitopes of foreign antigen on their surface, such as virus-infected cells, cells with intracellular bacteria, and cancer cells displaying tumor antigens;
Macrophage and natural killer cell action: enabling the destruction of pathogens via recognition and secretion of cytotoxic granules (for natural killer cells) and phagocytosis (for macrophages); and
Stimulating cells to secrete a variety of cytokines that influence the function of other cells involved in adaptive immune responses and innate immune responses

Sydney Mullin answered 11 months ago

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