Question

In: Anatomy and Physiology

Your final journal of the semester is here. This one is a bit more relaxed. One...

Your final journal of the semester is here. This one is a bit more relaxed.

One of the hopeful and apparent themes throughout the course is how all of the systems are interrelated in one way or another. No one system functions in isolation or independent of any other system.

With that said. Select any system within the body (even from A&P I) and link it to at least 2 other systems. Explain the homeostatic, endocrine, negative feedback (as appropriate) mechanisms that help to link the systems together. Discuss and shared or common organs between these systems, or functions that are shared.

Yes, I am leaving this topic kind of vague so as to allow you maximum freedom in creating your response. No need to cite your responses because this is BASED ON WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED... this question is not intended for you to research. If you do research portions of your response, then yes! You must cite that information.

Any questions, please let me know!

Solutions

Expert Solution

We will discuss Endocrine system, Nervous system and cardiovascular system.

First two systems interconnection:(Endocrine system & Nervous system)-

Hormones of the Hypothalamus:

The hypothalamus is highly involved in pituitary gland function. When it receives a signal from the nervous system, the hypothalamus secretes substances known as neurohormones that start and stop the secretion of pituitary hormones.  

Primary hormones secreted by the hypothalamus include:

  • Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH): This hormone increases water absorption into the blood by the kidneys.
  • Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH): CRH sends a message to the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate the adrenal glands to release corticosteroids, which help regulate metabolism and immune response.
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which work together to ensure normal functioning of the ovaries and testes.
  • Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) or growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) (also known as somatostain): GHRH prompts the anterior pituitary to release growth hormone (GH); GHIH has the opposite effect. In children, GH is essential to maintaining a healthy body composition. In adults, it aids healthy bone and muscle mass and affects fat distribution.
  • Oxytocin: Oxytocin is involved in a variety of processes, such as orgasm, the ability to trust, body temperature, sleep cycles, and the release of breast milk.
  • Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) or prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) (also known as dopamine): PRH prompts the anterior pituitary to stimulate breast milk production through the production of prolactin. Conversely, PIH inhibits prolactin, and thereby, milk production. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH): TRH triggers the release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates release of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy, and growth and development.

Interconnection between nervous system and CVS:

The regulation of the heart and peripheral circulation by the nervous system is accomplished by control centers in the medulla that receive descending input from higher neural areas in the brain and afferent input from mechanically and chemically sensitive receptors located throughout the body. The resultant changes in efferent sympathetic and parasympathetic activity allow rapid cardiovascular responses during a number of physiological perturbations including changes in posture, physical activity, temperature, altitude, and microgravity. The ability to record sympathetic nerve activity targeted to the skeletal muscle vasculature with intraneural microelectrodes has provided a powerful new tool to study fundamental mechanisms of neurocirculatory regulation in conscious human subjects. In the last three decades, microneurographic studies have shed new light on the reflex regulation of skeletal muscle sympathetic nerve activity by arterial baroreceptors, arterial chemoreceptors, and cardiopulmonary baroreceptors. In addition, microneurography is particularly well suited to study the regulation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity by skeletal muscle afferents and central neural drive (central command) during static exercise. This review highlights the experimental approaches using microneurography and some new conclusions concerning regulation of sympathetic nerve activity to the human skeletal muscle bed.

Homeostasis & Negative feedback : Explanation-

All of the organs and organ systems of the human body work together like a well-oiled machine. This is because they are closely regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems. The nervous system controls virtually all body activities, and the endocrine system secretes hormones that regulate these activities. Functioning together, the organ systems supply body cells with all the substances they need and eliminate their wastes. They also keep temperature, pH, and other conditions at just the right levels to support life processes.

Maintaining Homeostasis :

The process in which organ systems work to maintain a stable internal environment is called homeostasis. Keeping a stable internal environment requires constant adjustments. Here are just three of the many ways that human organ systems help the body maintain homeostasis:

  • Respiratory system: A high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood triggers faster breathing. The lungs exhale more frequently, which removes carbon dioxide from the body more quickly.
  • Excretory system: A low level of water in the blood triggers retention of water by the kidneys. The kidneys produce more concentrated urine, so less water is lost from the body.
  • Endocrine system: A high concentration of sugar in the blood triggers secretion of insulin by an endocrine gland called the pancreas. Insulin is a hormone that helps cells absorb sugar from the blood.

So how does your body maintain homeostasis? The regulation of your internal environment is done primarily through negative feedback. Negative feedback is a response to a stimulus that keeps a variable close to a set value (Figure below). Essentially, it "shuts off" or "turns on" a system when it varies from a set value.

For example, your body has an internal thermostat. During a winter day, in your house a thermostat senses the temperature in a room and responds by turning on or off the heater. Your body acts in much the same way. When body temperature rises, receptors in the skin and the brain sense the temperature change. The temperature change triggers a command from the brain. This command can cause several responses. If you are too hot, the skin makes sweat and blood vessels near the skin surface dilate. This response helps decrease body temperature.

Another example of negative feedback has to do with blood glucose levels. When glucose (sugar) levels in the blood are too high, the pancreas secretes insulin to stimulate the absorption of glucose and the conversion of glucose into glycogen, which is stored in the liver. As blood glucose levels decrease, less insulin is produced. When glucose levels are too low, another hormone called glucagon is produced, which causes the liver to convert glycogen back to glucose.


Related Solutions

As the semester comes to an end and visions of your final project are perculating in...
As the semester comes to an end and visions of your final project are perculating in your head - one last discussion for the road (worth 20 points). I'm sure that most of you took this course because it was either a requirement or you needed an online elective. There are a few of you, that I know from talking to you, have business ideas in mind that would benefit from sales training. But honestly, most people do not seek...
For your journal, review the Final Project Guidelines and Rubric document and then address the following:...
For your journal, review the Final Project Guidelines and Rubric document and then address the following: Choose a topic from the provided list: The 2014 FIFA World Cup The Wembley Stadium Project Airbus A380 Project Manhattan Project Describe why you chose your selection and what key details make it a good project to analyze. Identify two to three external resources to begin your research outside of the provided materials.
The scores on the final of a math class last semester had a median of 28...
The scores on the final of a math class last semester had a median of 28 out of 40, with the highest score of 39 and a lowest score of 6. Suppose that the curve had a normal distribution. Suppose I took a simple random sample of 3 students from last semester and found their scores on the final to be 15, 30, and 36. We wish to test the hypothesis that the average of all the students in the...
This is one question about 14-bit strings How many 14-bit strings that have more 0’s than...
This is one question about 14-bit strings How many 14-bit strings that have more 0’s than 1’s? How many 14-bit strings that have even number of 0’s? How many 14-bit strings that have no consecutive three 0’s in a row?
Here is the context in which you should write your final exam. Bronner’s Christmas Store is...
Here is the context in which you should write your final exam. Bronner’s Christmas Store is one of the largest in America. Bronner’s currently has one store located in Frankenmuth, Michigan. Bronner’s has decided to open up a second store in Heidelberg, Germany. Reflecting on each chapter in our textbook, respond to each of the following questions as though you were hired to be a consultant to Bronner’s. Please describe the exchange rates between the Euro and the Dollar. What...
Here is the context in which you should write your final exam. Bronner’s Christmas Store is...
Here is the context in which you should write your final exam. Bronner’s Christmas Store is one of the largest in America. Bronner’s currently has one store located in Frankenmuth, Michigan. Bronner’s has decided to open up a second store in Heidelberg, Germany. Reflecting on each chapter in our textbook, respond to each of the following questions as though you were hired to be a consultant to Bronner’s. Q: How will you strategically position your Heidelberg, Germany store?
The final grades in business mathematics of 60 students at University of Maryland last semester are...
The final grades in business mathematics of 60 students at University of Maryland last semester are recorded below. Use the information provided below to answer the questions that follows. 68 54 75 82 68 62 76 73 79 73 60 71 59 75 60 61 65 75 77 66 78 63 78 66 78 75 77 69 74 68 78 61 75 64 79 83 71 79 68 67 78 76 65 71 73 65 73 57 78 62 76...
here it is running nonstop. so here one thing should be wrong. your task is solving...
here it is running nonstop. so here one thing should be wrong. your task is solving that problem #include <stdio.h> #include<unistd.h> int main(int argc, char *argv[]){ FILE *fd; unsigned char ch; //what will happen if you uncomment this line and comment the //next line //char ch; int fileSize=-1; fd = fopen(argv[1], "r"); do{ ch=getc(fd); //0xFF fileSize++; printf("fileSize=%d\n", fileSize); printf("Char read is ch=%c, in hex ch=%#hhx EOF is %#x\n\n", ch, ch, EOF); sleep(1); } while( ch != EOF); //ch =0x FF,...
You are to submit a final written report outlining the material introduced this 2020 summer semester....
You are to submit a final written report outlining the material introduced this 2020 summer semester. The typed report should be between 2 and 3 pages. The report should also include topics as outlined below:   Introduction to Computers Essential components of a computer Computer ethics Windows and Introduction to Office Introduction to MS Word Introduction to Excel Introduction to Access Introduction to PowerPoint The final report will be worth 20% of your overall course grade and will serve as your...
: Our final topic of the semester was informal fallacies. We talked about several types of...
: Our final topic of the semester was informal fallacies. We talked about several types of common fallacies and ways of diagnosing what went wrong in each. In these cases where someone provides a fallacious argument, people reason in accordance with bad arguments. Throughout the semester you have also learned several tools for identifying and diagnosing what makes arguments good. Describe an instance of bad reasoning that you have encountered or that you think is common using the tools we...
ADVERTISEMENT
ADVERTISEMENT
ADVERTISEMENT