A researcher is studying immune response in mice. He removes the thymus from each mouse surgically when it is born to study the effect on immune cell maturation. Later, when he gives the mice a vaccine, he finds that they produce few or no antibodies in response to this immune challenge. Explain how the lack of a thymus led to this result.

Survey some of the mechanisms by which drugs can alter presynaptic and postsynaptic processes.

Given a description of the sleep stages, EGG patterns, dream states, and behavioral correlates seen in an average night of human sleep.

Briefly explain synaptic activity following the release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. Include ionotropic and metabotropic receptors, and reuptake.

Describe information processing that occurs with the knee jerk spinal reflex.

Describe nicotinic receptors, adrenergic receptors, muscarinic receptors in detail.

Chief Complaint: 49-year-old man with abdominal pain, fever and yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes.

History: Vincent Miller, a 49-year-old accountant, has had a "drinking problem" throughout most of his adult life. He has been hospitalized on several occasions over the years. He reports dull pain in the right, upper quadrant of the abdomen, intermittent fever of 3 weeks duration, and a yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes. A diagnosis of "alcohol-induced hepatitis (liver inflammation)" is listed in the chart. With excessive intake of alcohol, the liver switches over from the use of fats and carbohydrates as its primary "fuel" to the use of alcohol as its primary fuel. This can lead to excessive production of lactic acid, which, in turn, can cause inflammation of the liver tissue.

Answer the questions below.

1. Is the diagnosis consistent with the location of the abdominal pain? Explain your answer. How does this differ from circumstances of referred pain and what is the anatomical basis of visceral referred pain?

2. What is the physical relationship between the liver, gallbladder and duodenum? Be sure to include other organs that may share anatomical features.

3. If Vincent's liver disorder resulted in the production of a "gallstone," what danger might that present for his pancreas? Be specific.

4. Propose a possible treatment for the patient in this case study. How does this treatment improve conditions for the patient? Are these improvements seen at the cellular, tissue, organ or systemic level?

ESTROUS CYCLE: In animals using estrous cycles, proestrus occurs before the estrus phase. Proestrus therefore most closely corresponds to which uterine or ovarain phase(s) in humans?

Group of answer choices

follicular phase and ovulation

secretory phase

ovulation and luteal phase

proliferative phase

menses