Question

Classify the following items into Direct and Indirect measurements, sampling or continuous, and
real or delayed time signals, mentioning the reason behind your choice:
1. EEG signal measurement, to analyse the phyological behaviour of the brain.
2. Temprature measurement, to detect the degree of infection of the body.
3. CT scan image of the heart, to measure the volume of the heart.
4. The digital blood pressure measurement device, to measure the response to blood pressue related
medicine.
5. EOG signal, to measure the visual defects in eye (like farsightedness, astigmatism, and presbyopia).

Answer 1

1. The electroencephalogram (EEG) is an efficient and relatively inexpensive method for the study of developmental changes in brain-behavior relations. ... EEG measures the electrical potential between two electrodes on the scalp, with evidence that the origin of this electrical signal is in the brain .

The electroencephalogram (EEG) is considered by many to be one of the most efficient and relatively inexpensive methods for examining these developmental changes. We prefer the EEG because it also allows an examination of developmental changes without dramatic interference with normal ongoing behaviors. We have used EEG methodology to examine correlations between brain electrical activity and working memory performance during infancy.

Why it's done

An EEG can determine changes in brain activity that might be useful in diagnosing brain disorders, especially epilepsy or another seizure disorder. An EEG might also be helpful for diagnosing or treating the following disorders: Brain tumor. Brain damage from head injury.

2. A person has a fever is now a high-stakes matter, and using temperature guns to screen people has become a visible strategy for detecting possible cases. “Any infectious disease — one of the cardinal signs of infection is raised body temperature,”

The most common causes of high fever are infections, such as pneumonia, meningitis, and infections of the urinary tract. In rare cases, fevers can occur without any infection as a result of arthritis, lupus, or certain gastrointestinal and vascular disorders.

Abnormal body temperatures (Tb) are frequently seen in patients with severe sepsis. However, the relationship between Tb abnormalities and the severity of disease is not clear. This study investigated the impact of Tb on disease severity and outcomes in patients with severe sepsis.

3. Noninvasive cardiac volume measurement by computed tomography (CT) was attempted in this study. It was found that non-gated CT images were very close to the end-diastolic images by ECG-gated CT.

To demarcate each chamber, contrast enhancement CT was performed by drip infusion in most cases, but it was done by 4-6 times bolus injections at the level of the left ventricle (LV) to visualize LV lumen in ischemic cardiac patients who had ventriculography. The volume was calculated by summing each slice's volume which was obtained from the area times slice thickness.

An increment of each volume was shown according to the hemodynamic features of various heart diseases: the total volume was increased significantly in valvular disease , RA and RV volumes in mitral valvular disease with tricuspid regurgitation and ASD , LA volume in mitral valvular disease and shunt lesion and LV volume in aortic valvular disease and mitral regurgitation . Between the left ventricular lumen volume by Ct and its end-diastolic volume by ventriculography (area-length method),The cardiac CT was found very useful for measurements of cardiac volume, since it is noninvasive and quite simple yet reasonably accurate.

4. A sphygmomanometer, also known as a blood pressure meter, blood pressure monitor, or blood pressure gauge, is a device used to measure blood pressure, composed of an inflatable cuff to collapse and then release the artery under the cuff in a controlled manner, and a mercury or mechanical manometer to measure.

Arterial blood pressure is most commonly measured via a sphygmomanometer, which historically used the height of a column of mercury to reflect the circulating pressure. Blood pressure values are generally reported in millimetres of mercury (mmHg), though aneroid and electronic devices do not contain mercury.

A digital blood pressure monitor will not be as accurate if your body is moving when you are using it. Also, an irregular heart rate will make the reading less accurate. However, digital monitors are the best choice for most people

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