Question

The human body has two signaling systems, the hormone system and the nervous system to control body functions.

a) Describe the two systems

b) Why do we need two communication systems?

c) Do the two systems have evolutionarily the same origin? Justify your answer and give clear examples.

My teacher graded this with an E, saying that I am not identifying and explaining in detail, clearly, and correctly, for the two systems. And that I don't use correct and relevant terminology throughout. They are also saying that I don't have a well-developed and problematized justification with examples for both communication systems. Additionally, in the discussion I didn't present well-founded and nuanced arguments and give a detailed and nuanced account of the consequences of several positions, and didn't highlight relevant new question at issues that will guide the discussion forward.

What can I add to get a higher score?

My answer:

The nervous system causes information to be disseminated to the brain by means of the nerves in the body that send signals to the brain in the form of electrical stimulation, what can be sent to the brain is that in case you are injured, the nerves signal to the brain that you have been damaged itself. The nervous system consists of two parts, which are central and peripheral. The brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system, and there are various parts of the brain that cooperate with the nerves. The peripheral nervous system is the nerves found in the body that connect to the brain and spinal cord and consists of the motor and sensory nerves, motor nerves are the nerves that are connected to muscles, and sensory nerves convey signals from the sensory organs to our brain.

The hormone system is glands (e.g., thyroid glands, ovaries/testicles) that form substances that signal and send information in the body and are transported with the blood. The hormone system determines a person's growth, metabolism, sex drive, reproduction. Examples of hormones may be cortisol, which is produced in the adrenal glands in stressful situations and causes blood pressure and pulse to rise and the trachea to open more, leading to the body being ready to handle dangerous situations where life is in danger. An important part of the hormone system is the pituitary gland that controls the remaining glands and its hormone production and which sits in a small part of the brain, and because the pituitary gland forms its hormones, the remaining glands are stimulated to produce their hormones. It is said that hormones only affect certain cells and act as chemical information signals. In the testes, men have their sex hormones, and that is necessary for men to develop the genitals, the hormone that develops there is called testosterone while the woman has her hormones in the ovaries and there she has her estrogen, the female hormones.

The communication systems are important because one needs to know the body's need for survival, and this is where the hormone and nervous systems help by sending signals from and to the brain, for example, Are hungry and need food or you are injured, the body must quickly send white blood cells to fight potential infections. For example, cortisol is important to produce in potential danger while the brain signals the heart to pump blood faster via cortisol to send oxygen-rich blood to the muscles in order to strain them in anticipation of a potential threat to a dangerous animal. The peripheral nervous system helps man to move joints and muscles, and from this, you can move, see things around and interpret things with the organs of the senses.

The nervous and hormone systems have the same origin because the nervous system records the body that is exposed to and the hormones help to solve any problems the body is exposed by secreting important hormones that prepare the body for dangers such as the hormone cortisol, for example, everything that affects the nervous system causes a release of different hormones, and it is important that there is a balance with these hormones or else you can have problems in the body.

Answer 1

In human body the nervous system and harmone system( endocrine system) jointly coordinate and integrate all the activities of the organs so that they function in a synchronised fasion.

Ans. a).Nervous system- the neaural system of human is composed of highly specialised cells called neurons.the human body contain about 30 billion neurons

The neural system provides an organised network of point to point connections for quick coordination for short time period.

The human neural system is divided into two parts.

1. Central nervous systen(CNS)

2. Peripheral nervous system( PNS)

(CNS :- it includes the brain and spinal cord and it is site of information processing and control.

human brain :- it act as the " command and control system".the brain divided into 3 major parts.

(A).fore brain( prosencephalon):- it has two sub divisions. Di encephalon :- thalamus,hypothalamus and epithalamus

Telen cephalon :- cerebrum or cerebral cortex, olfactory lobe,corpus stratum,limbic sytem

(B).mid brain( mesencephalon) :- optic lobes and crura cerebrae

(C) hind brain ( rhombencephalon) :- it has two sub divisions. Myelencephalon :- medulla oblangata.

Metencephalon :- pons and cerebellum.

Spinal cord :-

PNS :- it comprises of all the nerves of the body associated with CNS. The nerve fibres of the PNS are two type.

(a) afferent fibres or sensory nerve fibre :- its fibres transmit impulses from tissue/ organ to the CNS

(b) efferent fibres or motor nerve fibre :- its fibres transmit impulses from CNS to the concerned peripheral tissue / organ.

The PNS is divided into two major parts -

(A) somatic neural system ( SNS) :- SNS relays impulses from CNS to skeleton muscles ( voluntary muscles)

(B) autonomic neural system ( ANS):- ANS transmits impulses from the CNS to the smooth muscles ( involuntary muscles) .

The ANS is further classified into two parts

(a).Sympathetic neaural system ( SNS):- mobilizes body systems during emergency situations

(b).para sympathetic neural system ( PSNS) :- promotes non emergency functions.

Harmone system or endocrine system :-functions that is called harmone system.

This is chemical or harmonal coordination is usually slow , widespread and long lasting.

In this system information passes as a chemical substance called harmone through the blood and lymph.

Harmone also known as primary or chemical messenger.

There are many endocrine glands present in human body they secrete harmones. Some examples of these glands given below.

1.Hypothalamus :- secretes releasing and inhibitory harmones like growth harmone releasing harmone or somatocrinin ( GHRH), growth harmone inhibitory harmone or somatostatin ( GHIH),gonadotropin releasing harmone ( GnRH), prolactin releasing harmone ( PRH).etc

2 pituitary gland :- growth harmone ,prolactin,luteinizing harmone secretes

3.pineal gland :- melatonin harmone

4 thyroid gland :- thyroxine harmone,thyrocalcitonin harmone

5 parathyroid harmone :-parathyroid harmone or parathormone

6 adrenal gland :- aldosteron ,cortisol harmone,adrenaline ,nor adrenaline harmone

7.thymus gland :- thymosin harmone.

8.pancreas :- glucagon ,insulin harmone

9.testis :- androgen or testosterone

10 ovary :- oestrogen and progestrone harmone.

Ans b). Needs two communication system because Nervous system responsible for neural coordination.it can not stimulate all cells of the body whereas cellular reactions are required to contunious stimulation .so another regulatory and coordinating system harmone system required to conduct physiological functions of human body