Question

Which of the following are exocrine functions of the pancreas?

1) synthesis of hormone sensitive lipase

2) Secretion of insulin from beta islet cells

3) Synthesis of alkaline lipase

4) Synthesis of phospholipase A2

5) Synthesis of phospholipase D

6) Synthesis of trypsinogen

7) Synthesis and Release of salivary amylase

8) Synthesis and release of lingual acid lipase

Answer 1

Ans. Functions of pancreas include:

2. Secretion of insulin from beta islet cells

Insulin is released from the beta cells in pancreas in due to rise in glucose level of bloodstream. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and passed into the blood, rise in blood glucose stimulate Beta cells of pancreas to secrete insulin by exocytosis and diffuses into islet capillary blood.

3. Synthesis of alkaline lipase

Lipase is an enzyme involved in break down fats which can be further absorbed in the intestine. Alkaline Lipase is produced in the pancreas, mouth, and stomach. People with diseases like cystic fibrosis, celiac disease, and Crohn disease do not produce enough lipase and fails to get the nutrition from food.

4. Synthesis of phospholipase A2

Phospholipase A₂ is produced in the pancreas in the form of inactive precursor, prophospholipase A₂, which is activated to phospholipase A₂ by trypsin  Phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Its main function is to catalyze the hydrolysis of glycerophospholipids to release free fatty acids and lysophospholipids.

5. Synthesis of phospholipase D

Phospholipase enzymes are found in pancreas and other tissues. Phospholipase D is a regulator of several critical cellular processes, such as vesicle transport, Phagocytosis, cell excretion, cell migration, and mitosis.

6. Synthesis of trypsinogen

Trypsinogen is the inactive preform of trypsin, It is a proteolytic enzyme synthesized exclusively by pancreatic acinar cells and secreted into the duodenum where it is activated.

Other functions which are not related to Pancreas :

1. synthesis of hormone sensitive lipase

The major form of this enzyme is expressed in tissues such as testis, where it converts cholesteryl esters to free cholesterol for steroid hormone production. The minor form is expressed in adipose tissue, where it hydrolyzes stored triglycerides to free fatty acids.

7. Synthesis and Release of salivary amylase

Salivary amylase is produced by Salivary glands and is secreted mainly in the mouth to hydrolyse dietary starch into disaccharides and trisaccharides which are further converted by various enzymes to glucose for providing energy to the body. Whereas pancreatic amylase is secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine.

8. Synthesis and release of lingual acid lipase

The digestion of triglycerides begins in the stomach with action of lingual and gastric lipases, which are stable in acid medium. Lingual lipase is secreted from Ebners glands present on the dorsal surface of the tongue near the terminal sulcus.

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