1. The development of internal male reproductive structures such as the sperm ducts and prostate gland are an important role of___the primary androgen.

2. Observational studies have shown that___vitamin D is associated with a___risk of nonskeletal diseases. low; lower, high: greater, There is no link between vitamin D and nonskeletal diseases, orl ow; greater?

3. Lipids are nutrients required by the body in large quantities Therefore, lipids are called a _____.

4. A genetic mutation has altered the shape of an enzyme found within cells. The altered shape prevents the enzynge from functioning normally because a small, organic molecule called a(n) ____cannot bind to the enzymes . protein, vitamin carbohydrate, or mineral?

Give 2 examples of how a specific tissue affects the speed of sound as it travels through the body. ?

32 approximately what percent of the sunlight striking the earth is actually reflected back into space on any given day?

33 In the evolutionary sense, a measure of an individual organism's relative fitness is a measure of its_________

34 The light Dependent step in photosynthesis is also known as the Krebs Cycle (T / F)

Early gene cloning experiments involved insertion at one restriction site in the vector; for example, the insert would have and EcoRI site at each end, and he vector would be opened at an RI site prior to litigation. Under what circumstances would asymmetric cloning be desirable, with the insert having a different site at each end?

Please no pictures or handwritten responses - only typed answers.

Why are the most abundant elements found in our bodies not the most abundant elements found in Earth's crust? (e.g., What characteristics of the most abundant elements in our bodies make them suitable for life?)

How do the structures of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins (structural and enzymatic), and nucleic acids relate to their functions? Include in your discussion a brief description of the structure of each type of molecule.

A) Formulate a one sentence hypothesis which states which stages of mitosis (prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, or telophase) will be most common to the least common. Note: A hypothesis should be written as a statement (claiming something to be true). Additionally, a hypothesis must be testable experimentally.

B) Describe your rationale for your hypothesis. Do you think all stages will have equal counts? Why or why not? If not, which stage of mitosis do you think will be most, least, etc. common in your data and why? What do you know about what happens at each stage of cell division, and how long (relatively) might that require?

Do HDR templates shelter a nuclear localization signal? Explain

1) Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE about p16:

a)it is an oncogene
b)it is on the same pathway and hence seldom mutated in tumors when RB is

c)it is often mutated in cancers such as familial melanoma

d)it is encoded in the same gene locus as p19-ARF

e)It is a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI)

2)Which ONE of the following is NOT a property of the transformed phenotype:

a)Induced by over expression of tumor suppressor genes

b)Anchorage independence

c)Infinite proliferative life span

d)Lower requirement for growth factors

e)Does not exhibit density-dependent inhibition of cell growth

3)Which ONE of the following is NOT true about DNA viruses and cancer:

a)HPV E6, HPV E7 and SV40 large T antigen are all viral oncoproteins encoded by DNA viruses

b)they encode viral oncoproteins that bind RB

c)viral oncoproteins do not originate from host genes

d)they encode viral oncoproteins that bind MDM2

4) Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE about the JNK pathway:

a)Another name for the pathway is the stress activated pathway (SAPK)

b)JNK stands for Jun N-terminal kinase

c)It is activated by UV and osmolarity changes

d)it does not require scaffolding proteins for proper signaling

e)it is affected by phytochemicals such as resveratrol

5)Which ONE of the following is NOT TRUE about the online resources The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and cBioPortal:

a)they can help researchers understand the molecular basis of cancer

b)they can help distinguish tumor subtypes for better diagnosis

c) they allow many scientists around the world to access the data and further cancer research

d) they can help the average person diagnose themselves in the comfort of their own home

e) they can help identify genomic characteristics of tumors to improve treatment

6) Which ONE of the following statements is NOT TRUE about Ras signaling:

a)GEFs (guanine nucleotide exchange factors) convert inactive Ras to active Ras

b)Ras was identified in both the NIH 3T3 foci assay and as a viral oncogene

c)active Ras recruits Raf to the inner plasma membrane

d)~50% of Ras is bound to GTP in the active state in a normal cell

e)prenylation of its C-terminal tail is required for both wt and mutant Ras to be functional

Why is it necessary for transformed plasmids to have a nuclear localization signal in order for them to go into the yeast nucleus?

Why can't a person with type B blood (recipient) receive a blood transfusion from someone with type A blood (donor)?

Many tens of thousands of people who were seen as "unfit" were sterilized or killed by the Nazi regime to intentionally prevent them from reproducing. This is an example of:

How is innate immunity different from adaptive immunity?

1. Put the following in order with respect to Antibody-Dependent Enhancement

   Cytokine release and wide scale inflammatory response

   Antibody binds weakly to epitope on pathogen   

   Antigenic Drift Occurs

   Immune cell infection   

   Fc region of antibody binds to FcR on immune cell

capillaries and aveoli both have similar walls. How is the structure of each related to a common function?