Name and describe the three different classifications of (CH2O)n

A fly was found that had two mutations, Q&Z. Reciprocal crosses between wild type flies and Q&Z mutants gave all Q&Z mutant F1 progeny in all cases. These results suggest that the Q&Z mutations have an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. The genes X, Q, and Z appear to be linked. To map the genes the following crosses were done. A homozygous Q, Z mutant female was crossed to a homozygous X mutant males shown in the diagram below. X, Q, Z mutant females from the F1 generation were then crossed to homozygous, wildtype males. X, Q, and Z are dominant mutations. There were 8 different types of F2 progeny produced from this cross as listed in the table below. Using this information and that given above provide the information requested below.

1st complete the cross diagram below for this cross showing the complete genotypes for all of the flies, using standard conventions.

P: X x Q, Z Genotypes:

↓

F1 : X, Q, Z Genotype

↓

    X,Q,Z x +++ Genotypes:

↓

F2 Genotypes:

2nd- Complete the table and necessary information below.

3rd - On the line below, indicate the relative positions of the loci and the map distances between them in map units.

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1. All are linked to the electron-transport chain through Complex I accepting electrons from NADH EXCEPT:

a. gluconeogenesis

b. glycolysis

c. citric acid cycle

2. All are characteristics of the ATP synthase mechanism EXCEPT:

a. one site is empty (O-site)

b. one site contains ADP and Pi (L-site)

c. energy-driven conformational changes convert T-sites to O-sites

d. T-sites bind ATP

e. none of the above

d. all are true

gene editing

a. How does the enzyme used in CRISPR-Cas9 differ from enzymes used in recombinant DNA technology?

b.Can you predict a potential risk of somatic cell gene editing?

Consider the following statement: “All present-day cells have arisen by an uninterrupted series of cell divisions extending back in time to the first cell division.” Is this strictly true? Why or Why not?

1. Describe the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane. Discuss the role of the membrane in the movement of materials through it by each of the following processes.
   1. Active transport
   2. Passive transport

2. Describe negative and positive feedback loops, and discuss how feedback mechanisms regulate each of the following.
   1. The menstrual cycle in a nonpregnant human female.
   2. Blood glucose levels in humans.

3. Discuss the adaptations that have enabled flowering plants to overcome the following problems associated with life on land.
   1. The absence of an aquatic environment for reproduction
   2. The absence of an aquatic environment to support the plant body
   3. Dehydration of the plant

1. Explain why a life cycle that includes meiosis must also include fertilization. What is the advantage of such a life cycle?

2. Why are prokaryotes especially useful in bioremediation?

3. Describe some examples of how prokaryotes are helpful to humans and some examples of how they are harmful to humans?

4. Explain why a female can be heterozygous for an X-linked gene, but a male cannot.

5. What is a practical or clinical use of knowing the base sequence of a gene?

6. The human genome project has discovered that humans have about 30,000 genes, many fewer than earlier estimates of 100,000 genes. What implication does this have about the way human genes function?

7. Are viruses alive and deserving of the status of organisms or are they just biologically active chemicals? Defend a position on this based on what you know about what viruses are and how they work.

8. Plants in the tropical rain forest often grow faster than those in temperate forests. Explain how what you know about how the factors that affect transpiration would attribute to this.

9. Commercials on TV use food and sex as their most attractive selling points. Explain how flowers use the same tow attractants to “sell” their pollen to animals.

10. Virtually, all plants compete directly with all the plants around them. Why is this so?

11. Assume that protein synthesis always reads along a chromosome three bases at a time to code for each successive amino acid in a protein. There are two kinds of point mutations, a base substitution and a base deletion. How are these two types of mutations likely to affect the protein coded by a mutated gene?

12. Why do most human societies have laws or customs against marrying close relatives?

13. The majority of all plants are seed plants. What is the advantage of a seed? How do plants that lack seeds meet the needs served by seeds?

14. Describe the similarities and difference between the biochemical pathways of aerobic respiration and photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells. Include in your discussion the major reaction, the end products, and energy transfers.

15. Explain how a trait can skip generations.

16. Describe the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane. Discuss the role of the membrane in the movement of materials through it by each of the following processes.
    1. Active transport
    2. Passive transport

17. Describe negative and positive feedback loops, and discuss how feedback mechanisms regulate each of the following.
    1. The menstrual cycle in a nonpregnant human female.
    2. Blood glucose levels in humans.

18. Discuss the adaptations that have enabled flowering plants to overcome the following problems associated with life on land.
    1. The absence of an aquatic environment for reproduction
    2. The absence of an aquatic environment to support the plant body
    3. Dehydration of the plant

Looking at your results of the Ames test, you find that there are many colonies growing on the agar in the presence of the chemical being tested. What is your interpretation of this result? Explain.

what was the purpose of transforming cells from URA3- minus to URA3+ plus?

31)

Which of the following would not be a consequence of an antibody:antigen interaction?

32)

Which statement among A-D is false regarding bacterial toxins?

29)

Regarding the neurotoxigenic disease caused by Clostridium tetani, which of the following among A-D is not correct?

30)

Which term among 1-5 is correctly matched with its proper function?

1-Defensin

2-Interferon

3-Perforin

4-PAMPS (MAMPS)

5-Pyrogen

Why would plants need to evolve vascular tissue, lignin, and the different reproductive mechanisms (cone versus flower).