Red and white blood cells develop from a common hematopoietic stem cell, which is large and nucleated. After cell differentiation and maturation, red cells no longer have nuclei and are very small, and white cells are nucleated, often large, filled with granules, and are capable of phagocytosis. Why do mature red blood cells look so different from their white counterparts?   

What is the term for white blood cells? How many types are there and what does each one do? Come up with an easy way to remember the names of the different types (develop an acronym).

Be able to explain the effects of both physical and chemical growth requirements.

In 1997 Joseph DeRisi, Vishwanath Iyer, and Patrick Brown conducted an experiment on Saccharomyces cerevisiae using DNA microarrays. Describe their experiment, their hypothesis and their general findings from their study.

Each student will be randomly assigned a microbial organism to research (see list below) and prepare at least one-half page of topic-related text detailing the organism genus/species name, biological classification (bacteria, archaea, fungi, protist), and five notable adaptive features or behaviors the organism possesses. Notable features may include physical structures, acquisition of nutrients, means of reproduction, relationships with other organisms. Briefly describe how each feature/behavior enables the organism to survive/thrive in its environment. Type the essay - written in your own words, no bulletpoints or direct quotations.

Topic: Basidiomycota (‘club fungi’) – (ex. stinkhorns – Phallus impudicus)

** Example organisms are shown for some assignments in the list. Feel free to choose something different if you like. You can report on the group for some info, then use a representative organism for the rest, as needed.

Include a MEMORABLE image and caption highlighting at least one of the most notable adaptive features/behaviors described.

A list of at least three cited materials should be included with your submission – in addition to the one-half page, not to be included within (accessible web links are fine here)

If you find a good video of your organism, please include the link to that as well

1.) What are the problems with using embryonic stem cells in research? How might induced pluripotent stem cells help in research versus using embryonic stem cells?

2.) Describe the process of therapeutic cloning. What are the problems with using therapeutic cloning?

3.)What are the ethical issues involved with stem cell research? Describe the pros and cons of embryonic stem cell research.

is it surprising that there is COX6-BIO present in a mutant strain of Yeast compared to its wild type? why or why not

Why do we use Saccharomyces Cerevisiae instead of Escherichia coli in a lab study conducted to determine COX activity (cytochrome oxidase), what is the advantage in doing so?

Now that you have worked through the rabbit Island case, you are ready to think of your own experiment to find out what microbe is causing a disease out break that could occur today. What data would you want to include? How would you control your variables?

3’ - TAC AAA GAG GAT CCG ACC TCA ACT - 5”

3. The DNA template for transcription is only one strand of the DNA double helix. How do we know that the mRNA is not based on the sequence of the other DNA strand?

4. What is the anticodon sequence of the tRNA that binds to the fourth codon of this mRNA?

5. Translate the mRNA sequence into the amino acid sequence (use the genetic code table from the lecture slides).

6. How many amino acids does this protein have?

7. Can we tell if this protein was synthesized in a bacterial cell versus eukaryotic cell?

Can healthy choices be legislated? Public health officials and some politicians would like to influence health behaviors by banning or taxing unhealthy foods or ingredients. Do you feel that this would improve the health status of all Americans? Is this the right approach to improving the health of our society? Why, or why not? Please list specific cases/evidence to back your opinion.

How are gaining organelles and intercompartmental DNA transfer involved in eukaryogenesis?

Question1:

Briefly answer the following questions:

a- Why do COPII coated vesicles get only formed at the ER membrane?

b- Why does the COPII coat disassemble upon vesicle detachment from the ER?

c- In the case where cells are treated with a non-hydrolysable GTP, which of these events will be observed. Highlight the event(s) you expect to observe and explain in a sentence each of your choices.

• Sar1 depletion from the cytosol
• No bud formation at the ER
• Formation of buds and COPII vesicles at the ER
• Empty COPII vesicles (with no cargo) will be formed
• Normal COPII coat dissociation after vesicle formation
• COPII abnormal fusion with plasma membrane
• Inability of COPII coated vesicles to fuse

Question2:

a- Briefly, explain how integral cargo proteins are sorted and concentrated in ER vesicles going to the Golgi?

b- Consider a wild type and mutant insulin receptors (IR) (with deleted cytoplasmic domain):

-  What is the effect of the mutation on the ability of IR to enter forming buds in the ER?

-  What is the effect of the mutation on the IR concentration in vesicles leaving the ER compare to WT?

-  What is the effect of the mutation on the Insulin concentration in vesicles leaving the ER compare to WT?

Question3:

Consider the following C-terminal sequences of some ER proteins:

Bip:                             N-…AGPPPTGEEDTAEKDEL-C

KDEL receptor:          N-…YLYITKVLKGKKLSLPA-C

a- Highlight with yellow color the sorting signal in each protein.

b- Which type of coated vesicle will specifically recruit and enrich Bip in them?

b- Explain how Bip sorting signal allows its selection and enrichment in vesicles?