Explain why the frequency of color blindness is higher in males than in females in the human population?

1. Lab Review:

A) Explain why– control E. coli cells cannot grow on LBA+amp and LBA+amp+X-Gal.

B) Name a procedure which can replace the heat shock process and achieve the same goal:

C) If you used the pBLU plasmid as a vector to carry a desirable human gene into E. coli recipient cells. The insertion site is inside the β-galactosidase gene on the p-BLU plasmid. After the transformation, you plate the cells on LBA+amp+X-Gal to screen for E. coli cells with the desirable gene. You saw both blue and white colonies on the plate. Which type of colonies carry the desirable human gene?
A. White        B. Blue             C. both             D. neither one

Explain WHY?

Cellular communication and division

In one paragraph connect the following: Mitochondria and Anaphase.

Hints

1. what is going on in anaphase
2. what is required to have that happen
3. how does mitochondria provide anaphase with energy

Sample Random Mating Lab

P generation is 2 male and 2 females of sepia eyed, white eyed, irregular facets, vestigial, dumpy, and black body.

1a) The most common phenotype in the F1 generation is usually wild type. Explain why this occurs based on allele frequencies even though the P generation had no wild type.

1b) Explain why different methods can be used to calculate only irregular facets, the allele counting method, compared to other phenotypes

What is the purpose of a transformation control with pGAP?

1. What is one big difference between how frogs and fish gastrulate? (1-2 sentences) (Hint -explain how each of these organisms gastrulates and the difference will be obvious!)

2. Number the following steps of germ cell development in the appropriate order.

A. The primordial germ cells undergo meiosis.

B. The primordial germ cells are specified

C. The primordial germ cells migrate to where the gonads are developing

3.

What are the signals that are required for the induction of the organizer?

4. How did C. Easley make sperm-like cells from human foreskin fibroblasts? (2-3 sentences)

5. What is special about how the genes (whose mutations result in the flies above) are arranged in the fly genome and how they are expressed in the developing embryo? (1-2 sentences)

In the nematode C. elegans, the vulva forms from a group of six vulval precursor cells (VPCs). These cells give rise to the three vulval lineages: 1º (central vulva), 2º (lateral vulva), and 3º (hypodermis). Experiments have determined that these cells constitute an “equivalence group”, meaning that they are each capable of forming all three vulval lineages. The crucial factor in their fate decision turns out to be their proximity to the anchor cell, which is a cell located in the central region of the gonad of the developing worm:

These experiments suggest that some signal produced by the anchor cell is required to specify vulval fates. You have decided to carry out a study to identify the molecular basis for this signal. You begin by performing a genetic screen for mutants that lack a vulva (“vulvaless” mutants). One of the mutations you identify in this screen affects a gene called lin-3, which encodes a secreted protein related to the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family.

Propose a hypothesis about the possible role of lin-3 in vulval specification in the C. elegans embryo.

Whats the obligations of pregnancy from a context of moral reasoning, culture, and religious identity.

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for classifying viruses?

a)Type of organism the virus infects

b) Method of viral replication

c) Type of nucleic acid in viral genome

d) Envelope structure or composition

e) All of the above are used

Co-dominance, Multiple Alleles, and Sex-linkage

1. Abby is unsure of the father of her daughter, Susie, and wants a quick way to find out which of the men she has dated it could be. Her blood type is AB, and her daughter’s is B. Of the possible men Dalton, has AB type blood, Jordan has O type blood, and Wyatt has A blood. Use the clues here and for each part of this problem to see who the father is. *** Be sure to answer all parts of each question.

• For blood type, A (I^AI^A or I^Ai) and B (I^BI^B or I^Bi) blood types are dominant to O (ii), and AB (I^AI^B) is codominant, meaning that both A and B proteins are expressed.
• The gene for color vision is sex-linked on the X chromosome, and having color vision (Females: X^BX^B or X^BX^b, Males: X^BY) is dominant to being color blind (Males: X^bY, Females: X^bX^b).
  1. Give the genotypes for each individual for blood type and then for color blindness. You may not be able to figure out all parts with the information provided. Put a “?” in the position for any alleles that you cannot determine, but you should be able to put at least part of the genotypes for all individuals based on the information provided above and additional information provided in the problems below.
     1. Abby’s Genotypes
        1. Blood Type:
        2. Vision:
     2. Susie’s Genotypes
        1. Blood Type:
        2. Vision:
     3. Dalton’s Genotypes
        1. Blood Type:
        2. Vision:
     4. Jordan’s Genotypes
        1. Blood Type:
        2. Vision:
     5. Wyatt’s Genotypes
        1. Blood Type:
        2. Vision:

2. Can you tell from the information given in the word problem above who the father is? Can you at least eliminate one man? Why or Why not?

3. Wyatt insists that he cannot be the father. He provides his parents’ blood types – both are AB. Is Wyatt correct that he is not the father? How do you know? *Hint, do a cross for his parents and determine what his actual genotype is.

4. Abby is hoping that Dalton is the father. She argues that because Dalton is the only man who color blind, just like Susie, he must be the father. Who is the father (Can you tell?)? How do you know or why can’t you tell?

The Mississippi Bippy is a hypothetical animal favored by some geneticists. In this animal amiable (A) is dominant to nasty (a), lazy (L) is dominant to active (l), and crazy (C) is dominant to sane (c). An amiable, lazy, but sane female is crossed with a nasty, active, but crazy male and all of the F₁ progeny are found to be amiable, lazy, and crazy. The testcross of an F₁ female with a nasty, active, and sane male gave the following results:

a) (1pt) Draw out the crosses (i.e. indicate the genotypes of the parents).

b) (1pt) What are the genotypes of the progeny.

c) (1pt) Construct a genetic map showing the map order and the distances between the genes.

d) (1pt) Do the data show evidence of interference? If so, how much is there?

what are the key features of our innate immune cells and microbes that are associated with its broad specificity