Describe an example of a keystone species leading to a trophic cascade. Include:

a. The biotic factors involved.

b. The abiotic factors involved.

c. Community interactions involved.

1. Draw a phylogenetic diagram of the evolutionary relationships among the following land plant phyla: Bryophyta, Pterophyta, Coniferophyta, & Anthophyta. Map the following characteristics and explain how each contributes to the success of the appropriate phylum on land.
   1. cuticle                b. vascular tissue         c. true roots & leave

2. Map the following characters on the appropriate branches of your phylogeny from question 20.  Briefly explain how each is an adaptation for reproduction in terrestrial environments.
   1. walled spores                                                    e. pollen
   2. complex, multicellular gametangia                       f.  seeds
   3. multicellular, dependent embryos                        g. flowers
   4. alternation of generations                                 h. fruit

10. What factors contribute to a SNP/allelic marker having a higher level of significance in an association study? (4 pts)

11A. What is linkage disequilibrium (LD)? Give a concise definition. (3 pts)

11B. What does it mean for casual alleles to be in “perfect LD” with one of the SNPs being genotyped? (3 pts)

Are the following interchangeable?

glycolipid vs glycerolipid

sphingoglycolipid vs glycosphingolipid

sphingophospholipid vs phosphosphingolipid

triacylglycerol vs triglyceride vs triacylglyceride vs triglycerol

Are the terms the same?

During the elongation stage of DNA replication, does DNA polymerase III ever
leave the lagging strand? Why or why not?

Your major research project as a graduate student involves analyzing a collection of mutants isolated by your lab all of which have defects in some aspect of the secretory pathway. For each of the mutants below, suggest where in the pathway the mutation might occur. If possible suggest a candidate gene that might be affected in that particular line.

1. Cells grow normally but produce no extracellular matrix

2. Cells grow normally and produce extracellular matrix but have reduced cells do not grow on the matrix

3. Cells do not secrete any protein but they do accumulate hundreds of vesicles

4. Cells do not secrete protein, of accumulate vesicles but have whorls of endoplasmic reticulum

5. Cells do not secrete protein and the ER looks fairly normal but there’s a curious lack of Rough ER

1. The ste2 mutation is a defect in the:

2. Tight junctions ______________________.

3. A neuron and a white blood cell have very different functions. These differences are possible because: ______. (read carefully)

Cell Cycle:  Events

Name the cell cycle stage in which each event takes place.  Each answer choice is used once and only once.

compare and contrast the bacteriophage replication cycle and the animal virus replication cyle. name 3 differences and what they have in common.

What are some reasons a bacteriophage plaque assay might not be successful?

there are 3 different ways bacteria can develop multi drug antibiotic resistance. explain how each method works.

Name and describe the 5 morphological traits that almost all primates have with human beings

Name and describe the 3 main behavioral traits that almost all primates have with humans

Suggest 3 specific and distinct cellular/molecular process that an anti inflammatory drug could taeget in order to reduce tissue swelling due to inflammation. brefly explain why each should be effective

3 marks.

True or False and why?

1. Bacteria living in a volatile (heterogenous) environment would likely have more control element for gene expression than an endosymbiont.
2. Bacterial gene regulation at the enzyme results in a quicker response compared to regulation of transcription.
3. Mutations in the bacterial genome are typically lethal in part because bacteria are diploid.