What would happen to cellular glucose-6-phosphate if the pentose phosphate pathway is inhibited?

Predict how an inhibitor of ATP/ADP translocase would affect O2 consumption

match

matrix

carbon fixation

metabolic pathway

stroma

enthyl alchocol

protons

QUESTION 16

The stereotype image of Neandertal as a “brutish, ignorant caveman”  is based on:

1 points   

QUESTION 17

The short, muscular bodies of many Neanderthal populations, with short arms and legs,
             may indicate that they lived:

1 points   

QUESTION 18

The African Replacement Model (arguing that modern Homo sapiens
first appeared in              one place, and then spread out to other parts of the world) suggests that modern Homo sapiens:

1 points   

QUESTION 19

The Multiregional Evolution Model (which argues that modern Homo sapiens could have
            evolved/appeared in several different parts of the world) states that modern Homo sapiens:

Predict the fatty acid with the highest melting point.

Select one:

a. trans 14:1 (⁷)

b. cis 14:2 (^7,9)

c. trans 14:2 (^7,9)

d. cis 14:3 (^7,9,11)

Explain how flow cytometry would be beneficial for physicians on the pursuit for personalized medicine.

QUESTION 1

How are members of the genus Homo different physically
from the Australopithecus?

1 points   

QUESTION 2

The
brain of Homo is:

1 points   

QUESTION 3

The skeleton of Homo erectus:

1 points   

QUESTION 4

The earliest (that is, the oldest) stone tools are referred to as:

1 points   

QUESTION 5

The earliest stone tools are associated with (were made by):

Question 1

1. Give the full scientific name of one of the protist species that causes malaria. (1 mark)
2. Briefly explain how the complexity of the malaria life cycle influences the host’s immune response.
3. Name one diagnostic test appropriate for use in the diagnosis of a current malaria infection and explain how it works.
4. State two strategies to prevent malaria.

Question 2

1. New variants of influenza can be generated by processes known as antigenic drift and antigenic shift. Distinguish between these two processes.
2. How might antigenic drift affect the design of a vaccination programme for influenza?
3. RT-PCR can be used to identify an influenza infection. State one other diagnostic test for influenza and describe how it can be used to determine the subtype of influenza.

Question 3

Read the following three statements and then answer the question below.

• In 2019, the UK lost its ‘measles-free’ status.
• The basic reproduction number for measles (R0) is given as between 12 and 18, in different studies.
• The immunisation rate in the UK for measles dipped to a low point in 2003 to 80% coverage and since then has risen to 91% in 2019.

Explain, using calculations, the causal link between these three statements and briefly discuss whether there is any prospect of the UK regaining its ‘measles-free’ status in the next 5 years.

Question 4

Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal disease endemic in some areas but prone to resurgences in pandemics.

1. What is the primary cause of death in cases of cholera?
2. What is the normal habitat of Vibrio cholerae? (1 mark) Describe one way in which people can become infected (1 mark) and one step that an individual could take to minimise that risk of infection (1 mark)
3. A stockpile of oral cholera vaccine is maintained by the WHO for use in humanitarian crises and outbreaks. From your knowledge of the biology of cholera infection, and referring to aspects of the appropriate immune response, explain why oral vaccines are used.
4. A freak weather event on a large tropical island destroys housing and leads to the local population being rehoused in a cramped refugee camp, where a cholera epidemic soon occurs. Apart from distributing oral cholera vaccine, what additional public health measures should be taken in the refugee camp to limit further infection and/or deaths from cholera?

Question 5

1. Your friend is suffering from a fever and respiratory symptoms. She visits her GP and requests antibiotics. Explain why antibiotics may not be appropriate for her infection.
2. Describe the effects of the overuse of antibiotics on the bacterial population in humans.
3. In order to distinguish between viral and bacterial infections some GPs now use a rapid point-of-care (POC) test for levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). Explain the role of CRP in the immune response and its relevance to use in this test.
4. In a hospital setting, treatment with antibiotics is a risk factor for infection with Clostridium difficile. Explain why Clostridium difficile is commonly acquired in hospitals.

Question 6

1. The cytokine IFNγ is produced by Th1 cells. Outline three different functions of IFNγ in inflammation and/or the immune response.
2. Name one cytokine that is produced specifically by Th2 cells and state what effect it has on its target cell(s).
3. What advantage is there for the host in having two distinct patterns of immune response, controlled by Th1 and Th2 cells?

The human body has several defense mechanisms. “Innate immunity” which is the routine protection
present at birth. This immune system has three general components (first-line defenses, sensor
systems, and innate effectors actions). In addition to the innate defenses, the human body has evolved
a more specialized defense system of “adaptive immunity”. This immune system develops throughout
life as a result of exposure to microbes or certain other types of foreign material, and substantially
increases the host’s ability to defend itself.
White blood cells (or leukocytes) are a major component for both “innate and adaptive immunity”. All
blood cells, including red blood cells and platelets, are originated from the same cell type called
a)_____________ found in the bone marrow, which is induced to develop into the various types of
blood cells by a group of proteins called b)_______________________.
A variety of types of white bloods cells serve specific roles in the innate and adaptive immune system.
There are three major types of white blood cells based on their roles in the innate and adaptive
immunity, such as i) granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), ii) mononuclear phagocytes
(monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells), and iii) lymphocytes (B cell and T cell, natural killer cells).
1. What is in the blank a)?
2. What is in the blank b)?
3. “This” is one of innate effector actions and must be activated to function such as opsonization, lysis
of foreign cells, and inflammatory response. What is this?
4. Fever is one of the innate effector actions and may reduce the availability of iron. If it is true, “why”
is the iron availability important in body defenses?
5. Adaptive immunity has two strategies as humoral immunity (associated with B lymphocyte or B cell)
and cell-mediated immunity (associated with T lymphocyte or T cell), which is tightly regulated by
an in-active form (naïve) and an active form. “Why” the adaptive immunity is strictly regulated?
6. B cell receptor binds antigens (i.e., B cell activation) and the activated B cell produces B cell
effector molecules; T cell receptor binds antigens (i.e., T cell activation) and the activated T cell
produces T cell effector molecules.
a. What are the B cell effector molecules? List two.
b. What are the T cell effector molecules? List two.

Which of the following steps of cellular respiration take place in the inner membrane of mitochondria?

Select one or more:

a. glycolysis

b. citric acid cycle

c. electron transport

d. Calvin Cycle

Glucose and O₂ are reactants of:

Select one or more:

a. neither photosynthesis or cellular respiration

b. photosynthesis

c. cellular respiration

d. both photosynthesis and cellular respiration

• electron transport

• mitochondria

• Photosystems

• photons

• chloroplast

• chlorophyll

• aerobic

• lactic acid

• fermentation

• NADH

Gluconeogenesis is favored when citrate levels are __________, when AMP levels are __________, and when ATP levels are __________.

Select one:

a. low; low; high

b. high; low; high

c. low; high; low

d. high; high; low

It has been said that biodiversity (or the loss of biodiversity, i.e. the loss of a species to extinction) is the most important issue that humans face. The argument goes something like this: we can change our population growth rates (if we want to)...we can fix acid rain, even global climate change, we can stop dumping wastes into rivers...but when we lose a species to extinction..... it is forever (there is no getting the species back).

Since we are reading (now and in the days ahead) about ecology, biodiversity and endangered species let's consider the following: if you are watching the news it seems like everyone is focused on politics, the economy, health care, jobs, the global stock markets, Syria, Afghanistan North Korea and Iraq, among other things..... and perhaps those are the areas where our focus should be....

Here's the question for this discussion board... Does it really matter about what happens to species across the planet, when our everyday lives are so uncertain? If we lose a species, or 2 or 20 or ..... does it matter? What do you think?

Draw a diagram that shows an EPSP causing an action potential to fire. The EPSP should be caused by a chemically gated channel. Include details on the channels associated with the action potential, and draw their configuration at each stage of the action potential.

The majority of proteins are imported into the peroxisome via translocation. What other mechanism do peroxisomes use to gain their proteins?