Question

The human body has several defense mechanisms. “Innate immunity” which is the routine protection
present at birth. This immune system has three general components (first-line defenses, sensor
systems, and innate effectors actions). In addition to the innate defenses, the human body has evolved
a more specialized defense system of “adaptive immunity”. This immune system develops throughout
life as a result of exposure to microbes or certain other types of foreign material, and substantially
increases the host’s ability to defend itself.
White blood cells (or leukocytes) are a major component for both “innate and adaptive immunity”. All
blood cells, including red blood cells and platelets, are originated from the same cell type called
a)_____________ found in the bone marrow, which is induced to develop into the various types of
blood cells by a group of proteins called b)_______________________.
A variety of types of white bloods cells serve specific roles in the innate and adaptive immune system.
There are three major types of white blood cells based on their roles in the innate and adaptive
immunity, such as i) granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), ii) mononuclear phagocytes
(monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells), and iii) lymphocytes (B cell and T cell, natural killer cells).
1. What is in the blank a)?
2. What is in the blank b)?
3. “This” is one of innate effector actions and must be activated to function such as opsonization, lysis
of foreign cells, and inflammatory response. What is this?
4. Fever is one of the innate effector actions and may reduce the availability of iron. If it is true, “why”
is the iron availability important in body defenses?
5. Adaptive immunity has two strategies as humoral immunity (associated with B lymphocyte or B cell)
and cell-mediated immunity (associated with T lymphocyte or T cell), which is tightly regulated by
an in-active form (naïve) and an active form. “Why” the adaptive immunity is strictly regulated?
6. B cell receptor binds antigens (i.e., B cell activation) and the activated B cell produces B cell
effector molecules; T cell receptor binds antigens (i.e., T cell activation) and the activated T cell
produces T cell effector molecules.
a. What are the B cell effector molecules? List two.
b. What are the T cell effector molecules? List two.

Answer 1

a) all cell are derived from hematopoietic stem cell.differentiator protein helps to differentiate the HSC to various types of blood cells.

3)this all are antigenic response which kill the bacteria and other pathogens by various killing mechanism.

4)iron is an very important nutrients needed for bacterial nutrition and thus lessening the iron level pathogen clearance may be resulted.

5)cell mediated immunity is present in naive and active form because all the cells of the cell mediated immunity remain as inactivated as naive cells and then after interactions they become activated.

6)a) B cells effector molecule are antibody which helps in opsonization and phagocytosis or in precipitation of antigen it agglutination of antigen and then phagocytosis.

B) T cell have many 3ffector molecules like various CYTOKINES which activate B cell and proliferation of T cells into various other forms.

Cytotoxic T cell can kill pathogen by producing OXYDATIVE BRUST or perforin granzyme mediated killing of cells.