In a typical microbiology laboratory, reasons for no bands from a gel of a polymerase chain reaction may be due to errors relating to omission of ingredients in the reaction mix and absence of the target sequence in the template DNA. Based on (i) primer problem and (ii) purity/potential contamination of the target sequence, explain the reasons for non-appearance on bands.

1. (i) Explain why it is important to assign individuals to species. (ii) What is a species concept? (iii) Name and formally define one species concept. (iv) Explain ONE of the weaknesses associated with the concept named in (iii). Critically discuss the question of what is a species? please NO hand writing. explain in more details.  

1) how can the knowledge on the metabolism of parasite be used for effective control strategy

2) discuss carbohydrate metabolism in protozoans

3)most protozoans under go anaerobic metabolism.discuss

Why are tumor suppressor gene mutations recessive while oncogene mutations are dominant?

1. How is the digestion similar and different between a mammal, such as a pig, and a smaller multi-cellular organism like a Hydra? You must be specific (BUT BRIEF) with your answer. I expect you to tell me the similarities and differences between the two, with specific mentioning of the types of digestion they have, particular cells, and other processes to discuss how their overall digestion takes place.

You have isolated and sequenced a region of DNA that appears to have caused tumor formation. For What types of mutations would you look to understand how that DNA causes the cancer and what is the characteristic of each type of mutation you might find?

A large study of DNA from people in the USA determined that the frequency for the recessive allele for ear shape .2 and the dominant is .8. If 10 % of the population shows the recessive phenotype is the population in HW equilibrium for this trait? Note that the population of the USA is over 200 million!

Which of the following would be most detrimental for cellular respiration? That is, which one would result in the greatest reduction in the number of ATP molecules being generated?

Select one:

a. A strong reducing agent which is only active in the inter-membrane space of mitochondria

b. A strong oxidizing agent which is only active in the mitochondrial matrix

c. A strong reducing agent which can enter the cytoplasm but not the mitochondrial matrix

d. A strong oxidizing agent which enters the cytoplasm but not the mitochondrial matrix

answer is B... why?

1.. What virus factors contribute to highly pathogenic avian influenzas virus (HPAIV) virulence in humans versus that of seasonal influenzas? A virus (IAVB)?

2.What are the innate immune sensor molecules in host respiratory epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages?

3.. What is/are the result/results in an infection when complement tags the pathogen?

4. Which interferons act early in virus infection?

5.What role has been suggested for interferon-beta (IFN-β) in OVID-19 infection?

6.Describe the events suggested for severe COVID-19 infection?

T- Test:

Seven tomato plants were treated with chlorogenic acid (and seven control plants were not treated) to determine if this acid influences the activity of the enzyme o-diphenol oxidase in their leaves which is normally 13 units. The enzyme activity data are presented below. Does this treatment affect enzyme activity?

TREATED – ​35​ 45 ​36​ 11​ 41​ 29​ 38

Show all work please

This chapter presented a variety of basic plant defenses. Using any plant of your choosing, explain how it uses defenses. At a minimum, explain:

• The plant you selected and its defense mechanism;
• What kind of defense mechanism it is;
• The organism that it is defending itself from;
• How this can be used as an example of coevolution.

why stem cell transplants is more effective in children in treating sickle cell Anemia?

Do some independent internet research on the Miller-Urey Experiment. Based on what you found,

• What did the experiment definitively prove?
• What did the experiment suggest?
• What criticisms of the experiment did you find? Are they convincing?

Read the article Antibiotic-Resistant ‘Superbug’ Found at California Hospital.

• What causes the development of ‘superbugs’ such as this?
• How great of a threat do you believe this is to humanity?
• What, if anything, can be done to prevent or inhibit the development of such bacteria?