1. In lineage tracing experiments, embryonic tissues that are labeled can be moved from a donor to the same region of a host. The point is to watch to see what the marked cells ultimately become in the older organism. You are interested in studying the formation of the central nervous system in a frog.

1. Indicating a strategy by which you can label donor cells so they can be visualized at a much later time in development.

2. If you are interested in tracing cells that make their way into the central nervous system, where would you have to transplant those labeled cells in the early embryo.

Select all of the following that are true about a neuron’s function.

1.An action potential occurs if the membrane potential exceeds the threshold potential.

2.A neuron expends no energy while it maintains a resting potential.

3.When the neuron receives a stimulus, sodium ions begin to rush out of the axon.

4.When threshold potential is reached, sodium channels all along the axon open up at once.

5.An axon maintains a positive charge during rest.

6.During the peak of an action potential, more sodium ions are found inside the axon than when it is at resting potential.

7.During an action potential in one section of an axon, sodium channels first open, then delayed potassium channels open and sodium channels close.

Please explain the difference between positive control, positive regulation,negative control and negative regulation pertaining to DNA.

If you exposed an unknown bacteria to four different bacteriophages. Susceptibility of the bacteria will be determined by observing for the production of plaques. Describe how these plaques are formed?

. A female patient has been suffering from continuous diarrhea for a week. The stool had a metal like smell. The patient is a nurse at an Assisted living home. She felt sick a week ago and her symptoms resembled that of one of her own patients. Her symptoms have been worsening to the point she is very sick and had to take time off. 1. What disease does she have? Name the causative agent. 2. How did she become infected with this microbe? Explain the pathogenesis of this disease. 3. What is the virulence factor and how would you treat this disease? 4. What would you advise the patient to do in the future to avoid such illness in particular in her line of work.

oRelate these molecules to each other with regard to activation/inhibition, downstream consequences and functions.

oIllustrate the structures of a GPCR & RTK and relate to mechanisms of translation discussed previously.

oDevelop an experimental strategy to differentiate between these receptor groups and determine their structure with regard to the membrane.

oIllustrate/describe mechanisms of activation of GPCR and RTK.

oCompare and differentiate the role of G-proteins in the GPCR and RTK pathways.

oGiven a scenario, draw/interpret an epistatic pathway (including understanding how a mutation might affect the pathway)

oDescribe and interpret basics of signaling by TGF-b receptors & intracellular receptors, including type of ligand, and mechanism of signal transduction

1. The release of BMP and Fgf8 from the optic vesicle to the overlying ectoderm-derived tissue results in the formation of the eye lens.

1. Identify and briefly explain this type of signaling phenomenon?

2. Why do some tissues respond to the above signaling and some tissues do not?

3. How would you test to see if a tissue is sufficient to affect another tissue type?

Describe the whole genome tiling and ChIP assays.

Some viruses have different spike protein. Explain what happened to the gene which affected the protein that is produced based on transcription and translation.

Relate the following complexes to cell-cell interactions (adherens junctions, desmosomes, tight junctions, & gap junctions) or cell-ECM interactions

oCadherins

oIntegrins

oClaudins

oActin

oCatenins

oIntermediate filaments (keratin)

oConnexins

oElastin/collagen

oFibronectin/laminin

oProteoglycans

What are corals? What is meant by a "coral reef"?

How has climate change affected the Great Barrier Reef in Australia? What are the problems and the causes of these problems?

What is meant by "global climate change"? How is global climate change related to the greenhouse effect and greenhouse gases? What are some of the greenhouse gases?

. How could one design an ethical experiment that would study the influence between Nature vs Nurture in child rearing? Basically an experiment to help with finding out if Nature or Nurture impacts our personality.

You have just isolated a new strain of Gram negative bacteria that can catabolize the sugar aspartame. Genome comparisons to all other strains don't provide any insight into the identity of this pathway. 1) Describe an experiment to identify the pathway coding for aspartame catabolism 2) Describe an experiment to move this pathway into E. coli 3) Given what we learned in class, describe how this pathway is likely repressed and where operator sequence would be 4) Describe an experiment to phenotypically confirm how this pathway is regulated using a SELECTION involving styrene catabolism 5) Describe an experiment to phenotypically confirm how this pathway is regulated using a SCREEN involving light production

Explain and give at least one example of each of the following major themes (or strategies) in the control of RNA virus gene expression: linkage between replication and control of expression, multifunctional gene products, overlapping genes, use of secondary structure to control gene expression, leaky termination, use of host proteins for viral functions, mimicking host cap structure, subgenomic mRNA, regulatory protein.