Question

Mini Essay :I 1 page, using 12-point Times New Roman Font and 1.5 spacing, please

1. Describe the five basic mechanisms of antibiotic action against bacterial cells. Give examples of drugs that are used in each category.

2) In many instances, resistance builds to antibiotics over time. Describe at least seven ways this resistance develops.

Thank you

Answer 1

Answer:

Q-1):

The five basic mechanism of antibiotic action against bacterial cell are as follows:

1. Inhibition of cell wallsynthesis:

Some antibiotics inhibit the bacterial cell wall synthesis and thus inhibit the growth of bacterial cells. Exmples include beta lactam antibiotics, vancomycin or bacitracin. These antibiotic interfere with the peptidoglycan (an essential component of bacterial cell wall).

2. Inhibition of protein synthesis:

Some antibiotics inhibit the protein synthesis in bacterial cell and thus kill the bacterial cell. These antibiotics interfere with different subunit of ribosomes (necessary for translation). Examples include ami9noglycosides, tetracycline etc.

3. Alteration of cell membranes:

Some antibiotics disrupt the bacterial cell membranes and thus kill the bacterial cells. Examples include polymixin, bacitracin etc.

4. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis:

Some antibiotics inhibit the synthesis of neuclic acid (DNA and RNA) in bacteria cells. Examples include Quinolones, metronidazole etc.

5. Antimetabolite activity. Examples include sulfonamides, dapsone etc.

Q-2):

• Antibiotic resistance is the natural phenomenon in which bacteria develop the ability to grow in the presence of the antibitic even if the higher concentration of the antibiotic is present.
• Bacteria can develop resistance in many ways.

Few are as follows;

1. Mutation:

• Mutation is the process in which deletion/replacement/doubling/addition of nucleotides occur and genetic sequence is changed from the natural one.
• As a result of this bacteria becomes resistance against antibiotics.

2. By aquiring the genetic material from other bacteria:

• Conjugation is the process through which one bacteria passes its genetic material to the other bacteria.
• If any bacteria is resistant towards antibitic and passes its genetic material to susceptible bacteria then that susceptible bacteria also become resistant.

3. By nutralizing the effect of antibiotic:

• Some bacteria produces some enzymes and enzymes like substances which nutralizes the effect of that antibiotic and make them harmless.

4. By changing their own structure:

• Every antibiotic is made with a specific target which is present on the bacterial wall.
• So antibiotic attacks on that target and kills the bacteria.
• But bacteria changes their surface structure and develop resistance against antibiotic.

5. Over use of antibiotics:

• Some time individual takes too much of the antibiotics which is not suggested.
• As a result of this bacteria becomes friendly to that environment and develop resistance.

6. Poor infection control and lack of development of new antibiotics:

• Since so many bacteria has developed resistance against so many antibiotics so it is suggested that new development of the antibiotics should be continued.

7. Overuse of antibiotics in food material:

• Now a days preserved food are in demand, which are treated with the antibiotics to increase their shelf life.
• When consumer consumed these processesd foods antibiotics goes in their body directly or indirectly.
• So the consumption of antibiotics is increased without any requirement.

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