A study was undertaken to determine the strength of association between several risk factors and the duration of pregnancies. The risk factors considered were mother's age, nutritional status, history of tobacco use, and history of alcohol use. The response of interest, pregnancy duration is a three-categories variable that was coded as follows:

We would like to study the association between the duration of pregnancy and risk factors.

(a) Propose an appropriate model and explain how you assess whether your model is adequate

(b) Describe how to estimate the parameters in your model in a step by step manner

(c) We would like to test which risk factors are associated to the pregnancy duration. Explain what test statistic is used and why this test statistic is appropriate. Provide testing procedure in a step by step manner.

(d) We also would like to calculate the prediction accuracy of your model in (a). How would you measure the prediction accuracy of your model? Explain your procedure in a step by step manner.

1. Explain why negative or harmful mutations have no role in the evolution of a population.
2. How do pseudogenes offer evidence in support of evolution?
3. Give an example of the bottleneck and founder effects.
4. Explain how bottleneck effect has affected cheetahs.
5. If variation in a species was only due to meiosis, how would that limit the evolution of that species?
6. If it is survival of the fittest, explain why organisms would show altruistic behaviour or kinship. For example, why would lions group together as a pride?
7. Explain how altruism and cooperation are not contrary to evolution.
8. Explain how cumulative selection allows for more detailed structures.

1. Review the options for energy-yielding nutrients and how all three macronutrients can be used for energy or stored as fat.
   1. Compare the yields of pyruvate and Acetyl CoA.
   2. Why is fat more energy rich?
   3. What are two important coenzymes? Review the micronutrients involved

1. STEP 2: Study how pyruvate and acetyl CoA enter the TCA cycle, also known as the Kreb’s cycle. What is the net energy yield from one unit of glucose? What is the energy yield of a 16-carbon chain fatty acid?

True or false

1. Translation is process of mRNA synthesis. T/F
2. Meiosis is beneficial for the evolution. T/F
3. XY chromosomes are present only in the cells of male body and Y chromosome is inherited from male's mother. T/F
4. The first step of gene expression is translation and not a transcription. T/F

. How is glucose stored for fuel in animals?  Draw/describe the structure of the molecule(s). (5 pts)

b. How is glucose stored for fuel in plants? Draw/describe the structure of the molecule(s). (5 pts)

which pathway is more active when the energy status of a cell is low? (Explain briefly why)

                        Gluconeogenesis

                        Glycolysis

                        Both Gluconeogenesis and Glycolysis equally active

                        Neither Gluconeogenesis nor Glycolysis will be active

Which processing step has 5' to 2' linkage?

Draw a picture of the bacterial growth curve chart. Label each section and describe what is occurring in each section.

List and briefly describe 4 defenses of the human gastrointestinal tract, and 4 microbial-caused diseases of the human GI tract.

Ten years after a major volcanic eruption and two hurricanes 11 members of an undescribed type of lizard are found on an island. They have large numerous toepads similar to tree lizards, but the dark brown coloration of ground lizards. It is safe to conclude:

Group of answer choices

Volcanism released some materials that induces mutations and this is an example of accelerated speciation.

Whoa, it's too early to jump to any conclusions. Any of the above are theoretically possible, or it could be a species that was there all along and we are just now finding it. Controlled observations and gene sequencing are needed to place these individuals properly.

That this is an interspecies hybrid formed from two lizards forced to share a the same habitat from extreme ecological pressures.

The hurricane likely blew some lizards in from another island.

What is the average incubation period of Chagas’ disease? What are some signs and symptoms of the acute phase of Chagas’ disease?

What human tissues are affected by malaria? What are the main clinical manifestations of the disease?