Question

Compare and contrast active and passive immunity and give examples.

Note: Please write or type all answers in a way that is understandable and legible. hank you for taking the time to answer my question!

Answer 1

Characteristics	Active immunity	Passive immunity
exposure to antigen	required	does not require
involvement of immune system	actively involved	no active involvement
immunity type	humoral and cell mediated immunity	only conferred by readymade antibodies
antibody production	yes	no
memory cell formation	long lasting memory cells are formed	no
secondary response	The first exposure produces primary response and with subsequent exposure to same pathogen, a much faster and stronger secondary response is established.	no secondary responce
durability	long-lasting protection	transient protection, short-term
response time	takes time because of lag phase	instant
results from	direct infection vaccination	injection breast milk through placenta to new born
booster doses	subsequent exposure to antigens cause booster effect	subsequent doses are less effective
effectiveness	provides effective protection	less effective and may not even be complete
components	T cells, B cells and antigen presenting cells	no involvement of immune cells
reactivation	Reactivated by recurrence of infection or by revaccination	Frequent re-administration needed for renewed protection
examples	Natural – Production of antibodies in response to exposure to a pathogenic infection such as SARS-COVID19 or cold. Artificial – Production of antibodies in response to the controlled exposure to an attenuated pathogen (i.e. vaccination)	Natural – Receive antibodies from different organism (e.g. to the foetus via the colostrum or a newborn via breast milk). Artificial – Receive manufactured antibodies by external delivery (e.g blood transfusions of monoclonal antibodies)