When DNA is compacted by histones into 10-nm and 30-nm fibers, the DNA is unable to interact with proteins required for gene expression. Therefore, to allow for these proteins to act, the chromatin must constantly alter its structure. Which processes contribute to this activity?

What accounts for a small number of protein-coding genes as compared to the larger number of proteins made by human cells?

Deletion mutations were created to determine the location and function of possible upstream regulatory sequences. The following results were obtained.

E.g., Deletion region ^-10 - ^-30 means that the region 10-30 nucleotides upstream of transcription start were deleted and the transcription rate was reduced to 0%.

Which mutation represents the deletion of an enhancer?

Deletion mutations were created to determine the location and function of possible upstream regulatory sequences. The following results were obtained.

E.g., Deletion region ^-10 - ^-30 means that the region 10-30 nucleotides upstream of transcription start were deleted and the transcription rate was reduced to 0%.

Which mutant represents the deletion of a silencer?

Describe how phosphofructokinase activity is regulated in glycolysis? Also further describe the effects of the regulation?

2) A patient exhibits extreme lactic acidosis (buildup of lactate in the body). Genome sequencing reveals a mutation in the gene coding for the E1 subunit of the PDH complex. This mutation is known to increase the Km of PDH for TPP.
a) In two to three sentences, explain how this mutation could lead to extreme lactic acidosis.(2 pts)

b) For each of the statements below, identify whether you would recommend or not recommend the treatment. Then, explain your reasoning and/or possible effects on the individual.

Statement 1:
Provide the patient with a high carbohydrate diet. (2 pts)

Statement 2:
Administer thiamine, a precursor of TPP, to the patient. (2 pts)

1. Briefly summarize the arguments made against medical treatments to address gender dysphoria in young children and teens.

1) After taking an aliquot of your cells and diluting them with Trypan Blue in a 1:1 dilution, you load the cell/Trypan mixture onto a hemocytometer to count the cells.

You obtain the following counts:

What is the average number of Trypan-diluted cells per quadrant?

2) Now, take into consideration the Trypan Blue dilution. What is the more concentrated number of cells per quadrant?

3) What is the volume in each quadrant of a hemocytometer?

4) What is the cell density (concentration) of the cells (cells/mL)?

5) If your original cell culture (the one you took an aliquot from to count) has 13 mL of cell suspension, what is the total number of cells you have in culture?

2) Additional experiments confirmed that the difference in sequence between the expected genomic sequence and the experimentally determined cDNA sequence is neither due to a replication error nor to a DNA sequencing mistake. One of your coworkers decided to perform 5 independent experiments. In each experiment, the gene was first transcribed and then the transcript was purified and reverse- transcribed to produce double stranded cDNA copies of the gene. Finally, one copy of synthesized cDNA from each independent experiment was sequenced (5 samples sequenced in total). The difference between the cDNA and genomic DNA sequences described in part 1 was found in the 5 sequences. Explain why this result suggested that a transcription error was unlikely responsible for the sequence difference.

Describe the structure and function of the chloroplast and mitochondrion. Include in your answer: a. a description of each compartment, the membranes, and the localized activities of both organelles b. the special properties of chlorophyll and the mechanism of action of the light harvesting complex in the chloroplast c. the sequences of events in both electron transport chains from electron sources to the electron sinks and the roles of NADH and NADPH

Describe legislative efforts for the conservation of biodiversity.

Pick ANY biome and ecosystem and create a 500-700-word essay addressing the following:

1. Refer to the infographic provided and chose a biome to describe with an example ecosystem.
2. Provide one example of a keystone species found in the biome/ecosystem. Why is this keystone species important to the biome/ecosystem? What defines it as a keystone species?
3. Provide an example of an invasive species found in the biome/ecosystem. What are some of the negative impacts this invasive species has on the ecosystem? What is being done to mitigate impacts?
4. Provide one example of an endangered species found in the biome/ecosystem. Briefly discuss the causes of the decline in the species and what is being done to help.   

Please include at least three academic sources and make sure all sources are cited in your essay.

PLEASE MEET THE WORD COUNT OR PLEASE DO NOT RESPOND // IT DOES NOT MATTER THE BIOME YOU CAN PICK WHAT EVER ONE IS EASIEST FOR YOU

1. Would you expect to see more or less acetylation in regions of DNA that are sensitive to digestion by Dnase I? WHY?

2. Suppose a chemist develops a new drug that neutralizes the positive charges on the tails of histone proteins. What would be the most likely effect of this new drug on chromatin structure? would this drug have any effect on gene expression? explain your answers.  

I have no idea how to answer these two questions in a proper way thanks.

we were introduced to hydrolytic enzymes, list two enzymes and their function. Using your critical thinking, explain why it is of importance to identify microorganism that have hydrolytic abilities.