1. Hemoglobin is the protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen from your lungs to your cells. Below is a segment of the DNA sequence that codes for a normal hemoglobin protein (the entire gene is much longer). Using the DNA sequence provided, transcribe the sequence into mRNA. Use the bottom strand as the coding strand.

5’ A C T G C C C A T G G T G C A C C T G A C T C C T G A G G A G 3’

3’ T G A C G G G T A C C A C G T G G A C T G A G G A C T C C T C 5’

5`-CUC CUC AGG AGU CAG GUG CAC CAU GGG CAG U-3`

2. For hemoglobin, translate the mRNA strand from step 5 to the correct amino acid sequence. Make sure to start translation only after reaching the start codon.

Leu-Leu-Arg-Ser-Gln-Val-His-His-Gly-Gln

3. Sickle cell disease is a symptom of a genetic mutation that alters the structure of the hemoglobin protein. This mutation decreases the function of hemoglobin so it does not transport oxygen efficiently. Below is a segment of the DNA sequence that codes for a sickle cell hemoglobin protein (the entire gene is much longer). Using the DNA sequence provided, transcribe the sequence into mRNA. Use the bottom strand as the coding strand.

5’ A C T G C C C A T G G T G C A C C T G A C T C C T G T G G A G 3’

3’ T G A C G G G T A C C A C G T G G A C T G A G G A C A C C T C 5’

3'- GAG GTG TCC TCA GTC CAC GTG GTA CCC GTC A-5'

5'-CUC CAC AGG AGU CAG GUG CAC CAU GGG CAG U-3'

4. For sickle cell hemoglobin, translate the mRNA strand from step 7 to the correct amino acid sequence. Make sure to start translation only after reaching the start codon.

This is the translation from mRna his- arg- ser- gln- Val- his- his- gly- gln

5. Compare the two DNA template strands from step 5 and step 7. Compare the sequences and identify the sickle-cell mutation. How many and what nucleotides changed due to the mutation?

6. Compare the two mRNA strands from step 5 and step 7. Compare the sequences and identify the sickle-cell mutation. How many and what codons changed due to the mutation?

7. Compare the two amino acid strands from step 6 and step 8. Compare the sequences and identify the sickle-cell mutation. How many and what amino acids changed due to the mutation?

Discuss these questions: IN LABORATORY

What would be the consequence of using the wrong color tube?

What could be the consequence of using a needle that is too small, or a performing "traumatic" stick?

When can improper collection be life-threatening?

Why does the lab have to reject a blue top tube that is not filled properly?

Why do we have specific order of draw for collection?

Why is the lactic acid test done when sepsis is suspected?
Explain why the body produces excess lactic acid during sepsis (Be sure to cover all possibilities).
How does this relate to fermentation and final electron acceptors during metabolism?

Describe the process of rhodopsin signaling in rod cells of the mammalian retina.

Describe the most commonly used histological processes from specimen collection to H & E staining.

About 1000 words

1. Which of the following is true about muscle protein?

A. In a contracting muscle cell, troponin binds to calcium, and tropomyosin changes conformation and uncovers the myosin binding sites on actin

B. In a relaxed muscle cell, tropomyosin binds to calcium, and troponin covers the myosin binding sites on actin

C. In a contracting muscle cell, tropomyosin binds to calcium, and troponin changes conformation and uncovers the myosin binding sites on actin.

D. In a relaxed muscle cell, troponin binds to calcium, and tropomyosin covers the myosin binding sites on actin

2.

Which of the following represents the CORRECT order of events in the muscle cell when I decide that I want to wiggle my pinkie toe?

A. The influx of positive charge causes the opening of ligand-gated sodium channels causing an action potential that propagates down the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane which causes the release of calcium from the T-tubules.

B. The influx of positive charge causes the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels causing an action potential that propagates down the T-tubule leading to the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

C. The influx of positive charge causes the opening of ligand-gated sodium channels causing an action potential that propagates down the T-tubule leading to the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

D. The influx of positive charge causes the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels causing an action potential that propagates down the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane which causes the release of calcium from the T-tubules.

a- Why is structure of chlorophyll and mitochondria important for their functions within a cell?

b. Describe function of various cell connections.

1. You are asked to work as an astrobiologist in the distant future. On Neptune’s moon Triton, you find a species of terrifying and giant crustacean-like aliens that appear to live in completely isolated populations within the nitrogen ice valleys on the surface. As a famed xenobiologist that specializes in population genetics, you decide to compare and contrast two of these isolated populations. Specifically, you are interested in the locus terror​​, which comprises three alleles T1, T2, and T3.
   1. Using state of the art technology, you can immediately infer genotypes on the spot! Below are the genotype frequencies for the two populations. Your non-biologist teammate speculates that because genotypes containing T2 are so low in frequency in both populations, T2 must be deleterious - and thus will soon be selected out of the populations. Are they right? Why or why not?

2. Someone on a rival ship accidentally brings a small batch of hitchhiking aliens back to Earth. At least it’s not your fault! Unfortunately, they are reproducing, thus forming a newly isolated population that is terrorizing the planet. This new Earth population of aliens is genotyped, and you find that they entirely lack the allele T3. Is this founder Earth population more likely to originally be from Triton population 1 or 2? Please show your work.

3. Regardless of your answer to part B, your colleague suggests that if​ ​ the new Earth population originally came from Triton population 2, genetic drift is likely to play less of an effect because of its large original population size (refer to table in part A). Are they correct? Why or why not?

4. You notice that terror​ ​ experiences selection on Earth. Because the Earth population completely lacks allele T3, you can treat this population like a two allele locus, with genotypes and fitnesses listed below. What is the probability that T1 will fix or be lost due to drift alone? By contrast, what is the probability that T1 will fix or be lost due to selection alone? Please show your work.

The helix that forms in a protein chain as a result of hydrogen bonds and other weak forces is an example of the

Multiple Choice

• non-linear structure of protein.

• secondary structure of protein.

• primary structure of protein.

• tertiary structure of protein.

One of the attending Physicians in your clinic is known for prescribing broad-spectrum antibiotics for patients. What is wrong with this approach and what would be a better way to prescribe antibiotics.

Describe the biosocial perspective and explain what this perspective considers most important to understanding behavior. Include a discussion of the gender ratio problem and explain why this is not a problem for biosocial theories of crime.

Lesson 1:  Antibiotic Resistance

Question Part 1:  Please discuss and elaborate on some of the main drivers or causes of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria.  

Question Part II:  What measures are or are not being taken to address antibiotic resistance?