Question

1. The heart is pumping blood via blood vessels to supply organs with blood. Compare the normal anatomical changes in the heart chamber structure involved in systemic circulation and that heart chamber structure involved in pulmonary circulation?

2. Immune system is an important system in the body. Discuss the followings: i. The role of antibodies and antigens in blood typing? ii. The types of immunity in relation to disease protection?

Answer 1

1) Anatomy of heart chamber in systemic circulation: Heart helps to pump oxygenated blood through the aorta in the systemic circulation. This oxygenated blood then reach entire organs of the body for tissue oxygenation. The oxygenated blood is pumped from the left ventricle to the systemic circulation. The oxygenated blood is carried by pulmonary veins to the left atrium, then it goes to left ventricle by atrial systole through the opening of mitral valve. The left ventricle is filled with oxygenated blood during ventricular diastole. During ventricular systole the oxygenated blood is pumped into aorta by the opening of aortic valve. The oxygenated blood then travels the whole body through aorta for systemic circulation. The left atrium and left ventricle is associated for the pumping of oxygenated blood in the systemic circulation through aorta. The left ventricular musculature is the thicker than right ventricle, this thick heart chamber is mainly for the pumping of whole oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation by opening of aotic valve.

Anatomy of heart chamber in pulmonary circulation: pulmonary circulation helps to oxygenate the blood of the body. The deoxygenated blood of the body enters into the right atrium of the heart through superior and inferior vena cava. The blood then pumps into right ventricle through the opening of tricuspid vapve during the atrial systole. This deoxygenated blood filled the right ventricle during right ventricular diastole. This deoxygenated blood enters the pulmonary circulation from the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary artery by the opening of pulmonary valve during ventricular systole. This pulmonary artery has two branches for the each lungs. The deoxygenated blood then enters into both lungs. The carbon dioxide is exchanged with oxygen in the alveoli of the lungs. The oxygen mixed with the blood in exchange with carbon dioxide of deoxygenated blood. This oxygenation is the main purpose of the pulmonary circulation. Then oxygenated blood again travels to the left atrium by pulmonary veins.

So there are different structure of heart are involved in the pulmonary and systemic circulation. Left atrium and ventricle, mitral and aortic valve is involved in the pumping of oxygenated blood to the aorta for systemic circulation. Right atrium, right ventricle, tricuspid and pulmonary valve are involved in the pumping of deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary artery for the pulmonary circulation.