Question

A. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM- is an organ system composing of the heart and blood vessels as its major organs in which its major function is transportation, using blood as the transport vehicle that carries nutrients, cell wastes, hormones and many other substances vital for body hemeostasis. As cardiovascular do these functions the lymphatic system helps in picking up leaked fluid and plasma proteins and returns them to the circulation on which its immune system cells protect cadiovascular organs from invading pathogens, while Respiratory system carries out gas exchange: loads oxygen and unloads carbon dioxide. Respiratory pumps also aids venous return that helps cardiovascular to maintain the normal volume of circulating blood while urinary system helps regulate blood volume and pressure. In addition, digestive system provides nutrients to the blood including iron and vitamin B for RBC and hemoglobin formation on which waste products are being carried away by the urinary system. Moreover, as the cardiovascular system transport hormone, estrogen maintains vascular health in women which is one of the important hormone produced by the reproductive system.

B. LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS :

1. Describe the anatomical structure/organs of lymphatics

2.physiologic function/s of lymphatics

3.how circulatory helps lymphatics in maintaining homeostasis

4. How respiratory helps lymphatic..

5. How digestive helps lymphatics ...

6. How urinary helps lymphatics ...

7. How reproductive helps lymphatics ...

C. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1.anatomical structure/major organs of respiratory

2.physiologic functions of respiratory

3.how circulatory helps respiratory in maintaing homeostasis

4. How lymphatics..

5. How digestive..

6. How urinary...

7. How reproductive...

D. URINARY SYSTEM

1. Anatomical structure of urinary system

2.physiologic functions of urinary

3.how circulatory system helps urinary in maintaining homeostasis

4. How lymphatics...

5 how respiratory..

6. How digestive..

7.How reproductive..

E. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

1. Anatomical structure of digestive

2. Physiological functions

3. How circulatory helps digestive in maintaing homeostasis

4. How lymphatics..

5. How respiratory..

6. How urinary

7. How reproductive

F. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

1. Anatomical structure or reproductive

2.physiologic functions of reproductive

3. How cardiovascular helps reproduce maintain homeostasis

4. How lymphatics...

5.how respiratory..

6. How digestive ..

7. How urinary..

Answer 1

B

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The lymphatic system, or lymphoid system, is an organ system in vertebrates that is part of the circulatory system and the immune system. It is made up of a large network of lymphatic vessels, lymphatic or lymphoid organs, and lymphoid tissues. The vessels carry a clear fluid called lymph

The lymphatic system consists of all lymphatic vessels and lymphoid organs

primary lymphoid organs-Bone marrow and the thymus,
secondary lymphatic organs -lymph nodes, the spleen, the tonsils and other specialized tissues in the mucous membranes of the bowel

Lymph and lymph vessels
The lymphatic system with its vessel network is – apart from the circulatory system, with which it is closely connected – the most important transport system in the human body.This clear to yellow-tinted fluid is formed when blood plasma exits the capillary blood vessels and fillls the small spaces (interstices) between and around body tissues and cells before being collected through small lymphatic vessels (lymph capillaries).

Lymph transports nutrients and oxygen for the cells as well as immune cells (such as lymphocytes). While circulating through the interstitial spaces of various tissues, lymph also picks up many of the body’s waste products and carbon dioxide. Apart from that, lymph transports fat from the intestines to the blood.

After having been collected by the lymph capillaries, lymph is transported through larger lymphatic vessels to the lymph nodes, where lymphocytes purge it before it is emptied into the large (subclavian) veins close to the heart, where it blends again with the blood.

Lymph nodes
The network of lymphatic vessels includes multiple interposed lymph nodes, small lentil- or bean-sized organs. They serve as filter stations for the lymph of a certain body region and contain specials cells of the immune system.lymph nodes, which are commonly found near the groin, armpits, neck, chest, and abdomen. Humans have about 500–600 lymph nodes throughout the body

The spleen is an organ in the left upper abdomen. Its job is to process old and damaged blood cells and microorganisms
The thymus is a gland located behind the breastbone (sternum). At birth, the thymus is the largest organ of the lymphatic system. It plays a vital role in building the immune system

.LARGER LYMPHATIC VESSELS, TRUNKS, AND DUCTS

The superficial and deep lymphatics eventually merge to form larger lymphatic vessels known as lymphatic trunks. On the right side of the body, the right sides of the head, thorax, and right upper limb drain lymph fluid into the right subclavian vein via the right lymphatic duct .On the left side of the body, the remaining portions of the body drain into the larger thoracic duct, which drains into the left subclavian vein. The thoracic duct itself begins just beneath the diaphragm in the cisterna chyli, a sac-like chamber that receives lymph from the lower abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs by way of the left and right lumbar trunks and the intestinal trunk.
The overall drainage system of the body is asymmetrical.. The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from only the upper right side of the body. The lymph from the rest of the body enters the bloodstream through the thoracic duct via all the remaining lymphatic trunks. In general, lymphatic vessels of the subcutaneous tissues of the skin, that is, the superficial lymphatics, follow the same routes as veins, whereas the deep lymphatic vessels of the viscera generally follow the paths of arteries.

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Function of lymphatic
The lymphatic system is a linear network of lymphatic vessels and secondary lymphoid organs. It is the site of many immune system functions as well as its own functions.
It is responsible for the removal of interstitial fluid from tissues into lymph fluid, which is filtered and brought back into the bloodstream through the subclavian veins near the heart.
Edema accumulates in tissues during inflammation or when lymph drainage is impaired.
It absorbs and transports fatty acids and fats as chylomicrons from the digestive system.
It transports white blood cells and dendritic cells to lymph nodes where adaptive immune responses are often triggered.
Tumors can spread through lymphatic transport.

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lymphatics in maintaining homeostasis

The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance in the body by collecting excess fluid and particulate matter from tissues and depositing them in the bloodstream.The lymphatic system can be thought of as a drainage system needed because, as blood circulates through the body, blood plasma leaks into tissues through the thin walls of the capillaries. The portion of blood plasma that escapes is called interstitial or extracellular fluid, and it contains oxygen, glucose, amino acids, and other nutrients needed by tissue cells. Although most of this fluid seeps immediately back into the bloodstream, a percentage of it, along with the particulate matter, is left behind. The lymphatic system removes this fluid and these materials from tissues, returning them via the lymphatic vessels to the bloodstream, and thus prevents a fluid imbalance that would result in the organism’s death.

4
There is no heart-like pump for the lymphatic system. Instead, as you breathe and move your muscles, the lymph continuously gets pushed toward the heart from the outer reaches of your body. (It’s very much like how blood depleted of oxygen moves back toward your heart through the veins.) First the lymph moves out of the lymphatic capillaries and into larger lymphatic collector vessels. These vessels have muscular walls and one-way valves that keep the lymph moving in the right direction. Many of the lymphatic vessels sit just under the surface of your skin.There is no heart-like pump for the lymphatic system. Instead, as you breathe and move your muscles, the lymph continuously gets pushed toward the heart from the outer reaches of your body. (It’s very much like how blood depleted of oxygen moves back toward your heart through the veins.) First the lymph moves out of the lymphatic capillaries and into larger lymphatic collector vessels. These vessels .during inspiration there is a drop in intrathoracic pressure and an increase in intra-abdominal pressure as the diaphragm pushes down, with consequent movement of lymph from the abdominal to the thoracic cavity. During expiration they suggested that the increase in intrathoracic pressure causes lymph to be expelled through the thoracic duct into the upper thorax
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The lymphatic system plays a vital role as one of the organ systems of the body. This system functions with the digestive system to absorb dietary lipids , which enter lymphatic vessels rather than blood vessels for transport. It also acts with the cardiovascular system to control the body's fluid balance.A substantial part of the gastrointestinal tract is occupied by lymphoid tissue, which can be divided into three sectors. The first is represented by the pharyngeal tonsils, the appendix, and the large aggregates of nodules known as Peyer patches located at intervals throughout the small intestine. The second sector includes the lymphocytes and plasma cells that populate the basement membrane (lamina propria) of the small intestine, the area of loose connective tissue above the supporting tissue of the mucosal lining extending into the villi. The third sector comprises lymphocytes that lie between the epithelial cells in the mucosa. The interaction between these cells of the lymphatic system and the threatening agent is the basis of defense in the gastrointestinal tract.