Question

an outline on Aging and How it is Related to the Cardiovascular System

Answer 1

There are number of changes were occur with time with leads to the cardiac output.

1. Structural changes: Substantial structural change in the heart and vasculature; e.g. vascular stiffening, increased left ventricular wall thickness (within normal limits) and fibrosis with aging, leading to diastolic dysfunction, increased afterload, and HF with preserved ejection fraction. These are described individually in the Cardiac structural and Vascular structuralsections below.
2. Functional changes: There are a number of functional changes and compensatory responses that the aged heart undergoes that diminish its ability to respond to increased workload and decrease its reserve capacity. Changes in maximal heart rate, end-systolic volume (ESV), end-diastolic volume (EDV), contractility, prolonged systolic contraction, prolonged diastolic relaxation, sympathetic signaling, etc. These are described individually in the Cardiac functional, Vascular functional, and Arterial-Ventricular interaction sections below.
3. Cardioprotection and Repair Processes: The cardiac mechanisms responsible for protection from injury and injury repair become increasingly defective with age, leading to accentuated adverse remodeling and increased dysfunction.
4. Increased cardiovascular disease incidence and prevalence: There is a progressive increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD); e.g. coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension, and diabetes leading to the development of ischemic, hypertensive, or diabetic cardiomyopathy. The reader is referred to any number of epidemiologic studies for evidence of this fact.
5. Systemic disease/Other organ systems: Aging-associated changes in other organ systems may affect cardiac structure-function and thereby contribute to HF development. This facet, however, is beyond the scope of the current review.