Question

Antimicrobials and their action.

Antimicrobial agent	Infectious agent	General target and outcome	Side effects to host
Sulfonamides
Nystatin and Amphoteracyn B
Chloramphenicol
Vancomycin Bendazoles
Tetracycline
Penicillins and Cephalosporins
Griseofulvin
Flouroquinolines
Quinines
Streptomycin
Acyclovir

Answer 1

Antimicrobial agent	Infectious agent	General target and outcome	Side effects to host
Sulfonamides	often used in combinations with agents like trimethoprim(for trachoma) and pyrimethamine(for malaria)	mode of action is inhibition of other metabolic processes. sulfomides interfere with folic acid synthesis by preventing addition of PABA(para-aminobenzoic acid)into folic acid molecule. mainly used for the treatment of acute urinary tract infections.	hypersensitivity reactions like rashes,erythema nodosum, and photosensitivity, nausea, vomiting,etc
Nystatin and Amphoteracyn B	A tetraene agent is used topically.	Liposomal encapsulation was found to target infected tissues as the capillary size at the infected areas is larger, so the drug is to be released at that specific area. Itis ued intrathecally for brain fungal infections.	main side effect to host is nephrotoxicity, reduced by formulation change
Chloramphenicol	Streptomyces venezuelae and effective against gram+ and gram- bacteria and anaerobes	It inhibits protein synthesis and prevents protein chain elongation by inhibiting the petridyl transferase acitivity of bacterial ribosome.	Blood Dyscrasias(bone marrow depression), Gastrointestinal reactions, Neurotoxic reactions, hypersensitivity reactions.
Vancomycin Bendazoles	methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus	its primary target is murein monomers and inhibits the late-stages of cell wall synthesis in dividing bacteria	serious allergic reactions, low blood pressure, wheezing, indigestion, hives, itching, dizziness
Tetracycline	Gram positive bacteria and with organisms by energy dependent active transport	its target is by binding reversibly to he 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, which inhibits addition of amino acids to the growing peptide resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis.	Gastrointestinal reactions like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,etc and liver toxicity, Kidney toxicity, Photosensitization, vestibular reactions etc
Penicillins and Cephalosporins	Leptospira interrogans serovar bataviae	used for treatment of human leptospirosis. The general target is Pencillin binding proteins and then it disrupts the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer forming the bacterial cell wall.	Stomach discomfort, nausea, diarrhea, blood abnormalities, rach or itching
Griseofulvin	fungistatic agent- and Griseofulvin is a metabolic product of penicillin griseofulvin with potent activity against fungal agents	used to treat superficial fungal skin infections like tinea capitis and pedis. It interferes with cell division, and inhibit fungal DNA replication and has been used for superficial dermatophyte infections.	It can cause transient mild to moderate serum aminotransferase elevations and has very rarely been linked to clinically apparent acute drug induced liver injury
Flouroquinolines	P.aeruginosa	used to treat for a variety of illnesses such as respiratory and urinary tract infections. It inhibits bacterial replication by blocking their DNA replication pathway	nausea, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, lightheadeness or trouble sleeping
Quinines	Plasmodium falciparum	used to treat malaria and babesiosis and can be taken by mouth or used intravenously and quinine is the ingredient in tonic water that gives it a bitter taste.	fever, chills, weakness, sweating, vomiting, stomach pain, diarrhea, chest pain, trouble breathing, dizziness
Streptomycin	gentamicin, amicasin, neomycin	it binds to 30S subunit to inhibit formation of initiation complex.	nephrotoxicity, octotoxicity, neuromuscular blokade
Acyclovir	virus	used to treat herpes virus infections, chickenpox, and shingles HSV(herpes simplex virus) DNA Polymerase is the antiviral target of PMEA	it can cause AKI from intratubular crystal deposition when administered intravenously, particularly at high doses, and nausea,diarrhea, headache, or vomiting may occur.