Question

Assignment Description

For this assignment you will complete a literature review on a topic related to public health or health administration (depending on your major). You can pick any topic within your field that you find interesting and would like to know more about! You will locate a minimum of 4 journal articles on the topic and 1 online source and write a 1 page literature review based on your topic, your question and the sources you’ve selected.

The purpose of this assignment is to facilitate and develop your ability to research a topic, so you can learn to:

1. Identify a topic of interest and formulate a clear question or thesis
2. Learn how to search for and locate sources (e.g. journal articles, websites, reports) using the library’s search engine and Google
3. Critically analyze information found in the sources you have retrieved (e.g. journal articles, websites, reports)
4. Synthesize new knowledge into a written literature review
5. Establish context for your inquiries

Steps to Complete your Literature Review (How)

For this assignment you will be combining material from several texts to create a new text – your literature review.

Steps:

1. Choose a specific topic related to public health or health administration that you are interested in learning more about. Be as specific and narrow as possible.
2. Formulate a question that describes what you would like to know about your topic.
3. Go to the library’s search engine OneSearchLinks to an external site. to locate a minimum of 4 articles on the topic. You will also use Google to find 1 credible online source.
4. After you locate your sources, read the abstracts and skim the articles to determine if they are relevant to your topic AND your question.
5. Read your articles! Make notes, sort and categorize them according to their findings.
6. Organize your articles by sorting and classifying their findings in a meaningful way, remember to always consider your original topic and question.
7. Write your review.
8. Revise your review.

Be sure that your response is in full sentences, follows APA style guidelines (no abstract needed), and is grammatically correct.

Search Optimization Understanding

On the page after your literature review and references, give at least 5 different search "terms" that you used that demonstrate an understanding of search optimization. Also, write at least one sentence that describes why you chose to use the methods you did.

Answer 1

Statement of the Problem:

A study to evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding road traffic accidents and its prevention among higher primary school children in selected schools at Mysore.

Objectives of the study:

• To assess the pre test level of knowledge regarding road traffic accident and its prevention among higher primary school children.
• To assess the post test level of knowledge regarding road traffic accident and its prevention among higher primary school children.
• To evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding road traffic accident and its prevention among higher primary school children.
• To find out the association between gain in knowledge scores with selected demographic variables.

Operational definitions:

1. Evaluate: In this study evaluate refers to the way of identifying the level of knowledge of school children in road traffic accident and its prevention which is done by structured knowledge questionnaire

2. Effectiveness: In this study effectiveness refers to the extent to which Structured Teaching Programme has brought about result intended and is measured in terms of significant knowledge gain in post test.

3. Structured Teaching programme: In this study structured teaching programme refers to systematically organised need based material regarding road safety aspects like road traffic accidents, causes, preventive methods etc;

4. Knowledge: In this study knowledge refers to correct response of higher primary school children to the items in structured knowledge questionnaire   regarding road traffic accident and its prevention.

5. Road traffic accident: In this study road traffic accident refers to the injuries incurred as a result of a road traffic collision involving at least one vehicle in motion on a public or private road that resulted in at least one person being injured.

6. Prevention: In this study prevention refers to the action taken to avoid the chance of getting road traffic accident.

7. Higher primary school children: In this study higher primary school children refers to those   children studying in 5th to7th   standard.

Hypotheses:

H1: There will be a significant difference in mean pre test and post test level of knowledge regarding road traffic accident and its prevention among higher primary school children.

H2: There will be a significant association between the gain in knowledge scores of higher primary school children on road traffic accident and its prevention with selected demographic variables.

Assumptions:

The study assumes that,

1. Children may have inadequate knowledge regarding road traffic accident and its prevention.

2. Structured teaching programme may improve the knowledge of children regarding road traffic accident and its prevention.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Review of literature is a key step in research process. It refers to the extensive exhaustive and systematic examination of publication relevant to a research project it involves the identification, selection in critical analysis and reporting of the existing information on the topic of interest. It justifies the need for replication, provides the basis for future investigation and helps to relate the findings from one study to another.

The review of literature has been organized under the following headings:

Ø General concepts regarding road traffic accidents.

Ø Related to Causes of   road traffic accidents.

Ø Related to prevention of road traffic accidents.

Ø Related to effect of study intervention.

1) General concept regarding road traffic accidents:

  

A Descriptive study was conducted on the characteristics of bicycle related head injuries among 324 school-aged children. The study result shows that boys had a higher proportion of severe head injuries than girls (34.1% vs 23.4%; P = .048). Children aged 5 to 9 years had a higher proportion of severe head injuries compared with ages 10 to 14 years (65.2% vs 6.4%; P = .043) and study concluded that the enforcement of helmet legislation, educational programs in bicycling safety and equipment, and improving the infrastructure for bicycling should be strictly implemented to reduce potentially debilitating or life-threatening injuries.29

A cross sectional population based survey was conducted to assess the road use pattern and risk factors for non fatal road traffic injuries among 2809 children using multi stage cluster sampling method. The study result shows that the boys had a higher mean number of road trips per days than girls and the latter were more likely to walk and less likely to use cycle and the odds of overall RTI were significantly higher for those who rode a cycle (2.45, 95% CI 1.75–3.42) and who currently drove a motorised two-wheeled vehicle (2.83,95% CI 1.60–5.00) and study concluded that the above findings can assist in planning an appropriate road safety initiatives to reduce cycle and pedestrian road traffic injuries among children.30

An observational study was conducted on “Trends in traffic accident mortality in Spain, during 1962-1994.” The study result shows that an increasing trend during the whole for the national traffic accident mortality rate, especially from 1982 to 1989, and the study concluded that accidents are more common in the younger age groups, followed by a decrease since 1990.31

A cross sectional study was conducted on “Injury pattern among non-fatal road traffic accident cases in Nagpur, among 423 non-fatal cases of road traffic accidents reporting for treatment to Indira Gandhi Medical College, during 1999-2000. The study result shows that Out of total 423 subjects, 363 (85.8%) were male while only 60 (14.2%) were female subjects and study concluded that majority of the victims (75%) were in the age group of 18-37 years.32

A qualitative study was conducted on young people’s perceptions, regarding the evolution, magnitude, causes and determinants of traffic crashes, to describe their opinions on road safety regulations, and to explore their suggestions and proposals among 43 key informants and 12 focus groups involving 98 participants in Barcelona, Spain. The study result shows that the young people admit that fitness, speed cameras, and alcohol breath testing reduce risky driving and study concluded that demand information on traffic regulations, and politicians’ decisions and a considerable increase in weekend and night time public transport.33

A multivariate analysis was conducted on road traffic accident to examine the relationship between country of origin, socioeconomic position and the risk of being injured as a young car driver injuries among young car drivers in Sweden. The study results do not support the idea that the type of country of origin constitutes a significant mark of risk level for road traffic injuries among car drivers. The results reconfirm that, in Sweden, the risk of road traffic injuries among young drivers from different socio-economic background varies.34

A qualitative analysis was conducted on understanding high traffic injury risks for children in low socioeconomic areas. The study result shows a  have high rates of child pedestrian injury in 10 low socioeconomic English districts The study concluded that, multi- agency partnerships involving the community are increasingly needed to implement traditional road safety approaches, such as education, engineering and enforcement, and provide safety and accessible public space, affordable activities for children, and greater support for parent.35

2. Related to Causes of road traffic accidents:

               A case control study was conducted to determine the relationship between alcohol uses, psychoactive drug use and road traffic injury among 849 drivers with control and experimental group. The study result shows that there were significantly higher odds of an alcohol breath test > or =50mg/dl (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 63.6 (95% CI: 25.5-158.9)), illicit psychoactive drugs (adjusted OR 3.4 (95% CI: 1.7-6.6)) and non-illicit psychoactive drug (adjusted OR 3.1 (95% CI: 1.5-6.3)) among cases than controls and study concluded that the priority for road traffic injury prevention should be given to control of driving under the influence of alcohol.36

               A survey was conducted on road traffic injuries among 1551 middle school students in a rural area using the questionnaire method. The study result shows that there were statistically significant associations between the assignment of extra homework by parents (odds ratio [OR] = 3.78, 95% confidence intervals [CI] =1.49-9.60, p-value < 0.01) and parents' treatment for poor academic performance (OR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.18-4.02, p-value < 0.05) with road traffic injuries and difficulty falling asleep was a marginally a significant risk factor (OR = 2.03, 95% CI = 0.78-5.28, p-value = 0.06) and study conclude that school-related stress and sleep disturbance were identified as possible risk factors for road traffic injuries among students in a rural area.37

               A descriptive study was conducted on self reported motorcycle riding behaviour among 600 school children in India. The study result shows that the children as riders are exposed to higher risk of accident and longer life with disability and the study conclude that the children behaviourally take-up adult role and seek adult risk taking attitude.38

               A descriptive study was conducted on pattern of Road Traffic Injuries in a vulnerable population of 550. The study result shows that the road traffic injuries are caused by pedestrian’s and motorized two wheeled vehicle. The study conclude that the road Safety measures for the vulnerable population in India, can be useful for monitoring the effectiveness of such interventions.39

A descriptive study was conducted on “Consequences of road traffic accidents for different types of road user.” among 1148 respondents 1-year period. The study result shows that the pedestrians and motorcyclists suffer the most severe injuries and study concluded that continuing medical problems and greater resource use, especially in the first 3 months.40

               A descriptive study was conducted on “Current situation of traffic accidents in children and adolescents” among 12,309 traffic accidents occurred in Hanover, Germany between 1985 and 1998. The study result shows that 7.5% (n=2,317) of the involved persons and 10.5% (n=1,734) of the injured road users were children and adolescents. 30.3% of the injured children were car occupants, 32.1% bicyclists, 33.3% pedestrians. 30.3% of the children were unrestrained car occupants, 42.1% used safety belts designed for adults, and 36% used special devices.41

               A descriptive study was conducted on “Self-reported motorcycle riding behaviour among school children in Yamunanagar, to find out the behavioural and non-behavioural factors leading to motorcycle accidents. The study result shows that the accidents are more common among male school children aged between 10 and 16 years and study concluded that the aggressive behaviour and previous encounter with the Police are the two strong predictors of accidents (p<0.001).42

3. Related to prevention of road traffic accidents:

               A comparative study was conducted to measure the use of motorcycle helmets in children and in adults using survey data on key questions. The study result shows that the frequency of helmet use in the four study locations ranged from 90-99% among adults, from 15-53% among children <or=7 years of age, and from 38-53% among children > 7 but <or= 14 and study concluded that Children wear motorcycle helmets much less often than adults. The study suggest that strict legislation to penalize adults and children who do not wear motorcycle helmet to combat erroneous public perceptions.43

               A descriptive study was conducted on risky behaviour of motorized two wheeled vehicle rider among 450 populations in India. The study result shows that 78% of the population without helmet were injured. The study concludes the accidents are more common among the non helmet users. The study recommended the need to enact and enforce policy intervention for improving the driver’s license system, mandatory use of helmet, effective traffic law enforcement and ensuring good vehicle condition to reduce the risk factors that potentially contribute the mortality.44

               A descriptive comparative study was conducted on “Road to Safety” in Irish children and Sweden children over the past five year’s period beginning 1998 and ending 2002. The study result shows that the Age-standardized mortality rates for road accidents in children (0 – 14 years old) in Ireland are 3.61 per 100,000 as compared to 2.31 per 100,000 in Sweden and study concluded that much needs to be done to reduce this unacceptably high road toll in Ireland.45

               A study was conducted on knowledge and attitude towards road traffic codes among commercial motorcycle riders in Anambra state. The study was tested on socio demographic and motorcycle characteristics collected from a sample of commercial motor cyclist selected by systemic sampling technique. The findings have shown that the younger motorcyclist possessed statistical significant better knowledge of traffic codes and safety.46

               A descriptive study was conducted on to explore the adolescent perspective on driving safety to provide a better understanding of factors that influence safety and teenager’s exposure to driving hazards among 68 high school students in 2006. The study result shows that adolescence generally understands the danger of intoxicated driving, and study concluded that some groups need to better recognize this hazard although inexperience is the key factor that interacts with other conditions to cause crashes, adolescence do not recognize what merits experience.47

               A questionnaire method was conducted on self reported motorcycle riding behaviour among school children to find out the behavioural and non behavioural factors leading to motorcycle use and the ore-disposition to accidents among male school children aged between 10 and 16 years in India. The study result shows that the children behaviourally take up adult roles and seek adult risk taking attitudes and study concluded that the implications of child motorcycle riders upon children themselves and on the society are discussed for a greater discourse on road safety motorcycle riding policy and to highlight the behavioural and non behavioural factors that are associated with traffic accidents.48

               A study was conducted on young driver risk in relation to parent’s retrospective driving record. The study result shows that the parents are an important potential influence on the driving safety of their children and the relationship of parental driving record on male and female offspring’s at-fault collision risk study concluded that parents of young children should be aware of their role in influencing their children’s future driving risk and the risk factors that could be of interest to licensing authorities and the insurance industry.49

               A cross-sectional study was conducted about risk perception, road behaviour and pedestrian injury among adolescent students in Katmandu, Nepal. The study result shows that the adolescents, road behaviours except for compliance with green signals were not significantly associated with pedestrian injury and the study concluded that a behavioural approach without modification of the traffic environment might not effectively prevent the occurrence of pedestrian injury in developing countries with poor traffic conditions.50

4. Related to effect of study intervention:

A quasi experimental study was conducted on road traffic injuries among students of 13 to 15 years old measuring the impact of an educational intervention in colleges and universities of the City of Cuernavaca. The educative intervention included radio spots, banners, pamphlets, posters and cards. The measure of impact was established as changes in knowledge about speed, alcohol and the use of seat belts using factors analysis methodologies. The study offers an appropriate methodology to measure short- term changes in knowledge about risk factors associated with a significant problem affecting Mexican youth.51

               A study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of education on knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) on road safety among middle school students with control and experimental group. The study result shows that the mean scores of road safety knowledge for intervention group improved significantly during the follow-up period (from 0.9 - 3.8), while these indices did not change much in the control group (from 0 - 0.2).per week frequency of violating traffic rules did not improve, however during the follow-up period on both groups as still 75% to 80% of the students violating the traffic rules less than 2 times per week and study concluded that the program on road safety education significantly improved the relative knowledge for middle school student and it exerted positive effects in road safety attitude and no significant effect was found in the improvement on their behaviour. The study recommends that education on road safety should be carried out in the early stage of childhood with newer and more effective intervention approaches.52

               A study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme regarding road safety among school children in Arkansas, USA. The video assisted intervention includes the distribution of DVD. The study result shows that the students knowledge after watching the video was higher than in preintervention classes, that is the knowledge of appropriate helmet usage increased from 95% to 98.8% ( p< .0001), the importance of not carrying a passenger behind the driver increased from 59.5% to 91.1% (p< .0001). The study conclude that the video assisted teaching programme improve the knowledge of the students.53

               A case control study was conducted on the risk factors of injuries among 254 cases and 254 controls in middle school students in southern part of Anhui province, china. The study result identified the risk factors like risky environment (odds ratio [OR]=5.7402, father being illiterate (OR=7.719), occupation of father (OR=5.4707),and mother being illiterate (OR=3.0581) and the study conclude that the students with harmonic relationship between parents (OR=0.494),occupation of father(OR=0.523) were more knowledge and having positive attitude towards road safety.54

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