Question

What are complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies? What are some documented herb-drug interactions (pg 109).

What is a prototype drug?

What is the difference between generic and trade name drugs?

What is the difference between prescription and OTC medications?

What is Pharmacology?

What is a Black Box warning?

What are Drug Regulations?

What are the four phases of approval for therapeutic and biologic drugs?

What are the drug schedules?

What does dependence mean? What does tolerance mean?

What are the patient’s five rights? Why should you always check them prior to giving medications?

What is the difference between adverse effect and side effect?

What is an allergic reaction? What does anaphylaxis mean?

Why do numerous medications have a warning against grapefruit juice?

Review and understand: enteral drug administration – pg 27, topical drug administration pg 30, parental drug admin pg 33, and intravenous administration pg 34

What are drug-protein complexes?

What are the things that affect absorption (pg 40).

What are the types of drug drug interaction?

What is first pass effect?

What is the minimum effective concentration, toxic concentration, and therapeutic range?

What does the onset of drug action mean? What is the peak plasma level? What can affect the duration of drug action?

What is plasma half-life?

What is the difference between loading and maintenance doses?

What is the median effective dose, therapeutic index and median lethal dose?

What is potency?

What is efficacy?

What is agonist, antagonist?

The nursing process in Pharmacology: review the nursing process, assessment, nursing diagnoses, goals, outcomes, implementation and evaluation in Chapter 6.

What is a medication error? What is medication error index?

What are the factors that contribute to medication errors?

Do medication errors need to be reported? Why or why not?

What is a sentinel event?

What is polypharmacy?

What are some things we can do to minimize medication errors?

How does physiological changes in pregnancy affect pharmacotherapy?

What does teratogen mean?

What are the pregnancy drug categories and what do they mean?

How dose lactation affect pharmacotherapy?

What are some nursing interventions/parental teaching points for pharmacotherapy in infants, toddlers, school aged children?

What are the normal physiological changes that affect pharmacotherapy in the older adult (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion)?

What does holistic mean?

How does cultural and ethnic influence pharmacotherapy?

What is polymorphism? How does it impact the patient?

What are some gender influences on pharmacotherapy?

Answer 1

Ans1) Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)

- Comprises an extremely diverse set of therapies and healing systems that are considered to be outside mainstream health care.

- "Natural" does NOT always mean better OR safe

- Pts that opt for CAM may delay healing

Eg. Progressive relaxation, Deep breathing and imagery

Herbal- drug reaction:

a) peppermint

-interferes w/ iron absorption

b) ginger

- interferes with anticoagulants- increases risk of bleeding

c) Green Tea

- Warfarin - may cause warfarin to be less effective

d) Kava

- Sedatives (barbituates, benzodiazapine) - prolongs/intensifies sedatives.

2) Prototype drug: It is the first form of a drug or medication that is used to create alternative forms, states.

Eg. propanolol- prototype of beta blockers

metoprolol- prototype of beta 1 blockers

3) Difference between Generic & trade name:

- Generic/official is the nonproprietary name

- Given by the United States Adopted Names Council.

- Each medication has only one generic name.

- Trade name is brand or proprietary name

- Given by the company that manufactures the medication.

- One medication may have multiple trade names.

4)  Prescription and OTC Medication:

Prescription medication : A written order by health professional for a drug.

- Eg. Narcotics: Fentanyl - Prescribed by anesthesiologist or MBBS doctor.

OTC Medication: Non- Prescription Medication

- All Medicine which can be buyed without a prescription

- These are safe & effective medication

- Eg: Pain relivers- Acteaminophen