Select one qualitative and one quantitative question that you are interested in investigating. Identify the independent and dependent variables. Next, create a hypothesis or set of hypotheses to go along with your research question. Identify your hypothesis as one of each of the four categories below and explain why your hypothesis fits into these categories (hint: review chapter 3).

• Associative or causal
• Simple or complex
• Nondirectional vs. directional
• Null vs. research

Which f the following is true regarding clinical symptoms of infection in the older adult?

a) infection in older adults can quicky progress sepsis

b) an older adult retains the immunity they acquired from childhood vaccines

c) older adults have an increase in immune function

d) a classic sign of infection in the older adult is the presence of fever.

1) The film uses the term, “Politics of information”. What is it and how did it influence Eunice Rivers?

2) How do the “Politics of Information” influence nursing today?

3) What nursing supports are in place today that may have guided Eunice Rivers?

4)What are your thoughts on the actions of Eunice Rivers in regard to the Tuskegee study? Her strengths? Her weaknesses?

By the spring of 1934, a great deal was known about poliomyelitis. The mode of transmission was known to be person-to-person. The two-phase process of the disease was well understood, and mild non-paralytic infections or anterior poliomyelitis as well as paralytic infections were all understood to be major means of contagion. Animals and most insects were eliminated as vectors. It was known that some victims will die in a few days. Some would have crippling paralysis, and others would recover without a sign. The polio virus had been isolated and identified from most parts of the body---most importantly, the CNS; blood; saliva; gastrointestinal tract, especially the small intestine; mesenteric lymph nodes; and nasopharynx. The damage caused by the polio virus was known to be done in the spinal cord's anterior horn of the grey matter and in the brain tissue.*

When the poliomyelitis epidemic hit Los Angeles, many horror stories from past epidemics had been deeply planted in the minds of medical and nursing professionals. It appears that the medical professionals at the time were well informed about the facts of poliomyelitis, yet most ignored them and, moreover, failed to inform the public. The Contagious Unit of the Los Angeles General Hospital was responsible for most of the activities of the epidemic, and fear of the disease seemed to dominate its efforts, in spite of evidence that much of the sickness that occurred in June of 1934 was not poliomyelitis.*

Physicians and nurses were strained, worried, and terrified of contracting the disease themselves. By June 15, 50 cases a day were being admitted to most hospitals, yet by June 29, only 1 fatal case of poliomyelitis had occurred, producing a sample of the polio virus. A second case produced another sample on July 4.*

When the Poliomyelitis Commission arrived in Los Angeles from Yale University School of Medicine, headed by Dr. Leslie T. Webster of the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Science of new York City, a public meeting was held to review the situation of the epidemic. The meeting digressed to physicians and nurses discussing their risk of getting poliomyelitis and whether they might receive disability pensions if paralyzed by the disease and were disabled in the line of duty.*

New interns in training at the Los Angeles County Hospital were deprived of teaching and proper guidance because the attending physicians were afraid of getting the disease and stayed away, consulting by phone instead of going to the hospital. Doctors who worked at the County Hospital in the communicable disease wards were not welcome on house calls because their patients viewed the hospital as a pet house.*

No one knew how much of the disease that year was really polio. Nearly all adults, especially the nurses and doctors, were afraid of getting paralytic polio. In those who got the serious form of the disease, health care providers observed much pain and weakness, but very few deaths occurred. The number of cases of paralysis was much lower than one would expect. The question was this: Could it be another virus or different strain of the virus? Dr. Webster believed that 90% of the cases were actually not poliomyelitis.*

Researchers had little success in searching for the polio virus in the nasal passages of suspected victims through nasal washings. The disease could not be produced in monkeys or lab animals. Webster believed that the problem was complex and that the infantile part of the infantile paralysis was missing because most cases were in adults. The paralysis face of the disease was also missing, as no paralysis occurred in most cases.*

Oral washings with ropy (an adhesive, stringy-type thread that was soaked in a special solution and swirled around in the throat in order to capture samples of mucous tissue) were done routinely. Ropy washes were able to gather even a few flakes of mucous and the debris in it. The ropy washes used a special solution that helped save samplings of potential polio virus evidence and preserved the evidence for months (101) days for later study. Even after such a long time, the specimen could be spun in a centrifuge and yield the virus; thus, in future outbreaks, disease investigators would not need to take an army of public health workers along to gather specimens.*

Hysteria raged on in the main populace. Not only was the general public afraid of getting the disease, but a major part of the medical and nursing profession was also participating in the fear. Yet officials were not daring enough to tell the public that the disease was not polio. It was disclosed that half of the 1,301 suspected cases were not poliomyelitis. The actual attack rate was estimated to be from 4.4% to 10.7%.*

There was no doubt that Los Angeles was visited by the epidemic of poliomyelitis in the summer of 1934, but it was a mild one. Most of the people who were sick that summer were sick either from another disease (encephalitis, meningitis, or influenza) or from a mild form of a different strain of the poliomyelitis. Patients had atypical symptoms for polio, and the observed symptoms were rheumatoidal or influenzal with striking emotional tones of fear that they might get polio. It was observed by US Public Health Service officer Dr. A. G. Gilliam, of the Los Angeles County Hospital"s personnel, "Irrespective of actual mechanisms of spread and identity of the disease, this outbreak has no parallel in the history of poliomyelitis or any other CNS infections"*

As an unfortunate outcome of this epidemic and its resulting hysteria, patients who exhibited even a slight degree of weakness were immobilized in plaster casts. This was a common practice in the 1930s, and many were subjected unnecessarily to this treatment.

Answer the following three question below

Case Questions to Respond to

2. How serious was the polio epidemic of 1934?. What were the social, psychological, and political implications and their effects on the epidemiology of polio surrounding this case?

• Discuss the ethical principles.
• Provide an example, related to healthcare, for each ethical principle.

Research the affordable healthcare act and summarize it. You should answer the following questions: How do supply and demand affect this policy? What is the role of government in this policy? Identify and explain the issues specifically affecting the market and policy. How does this policy affect the nature of competition? Conversely, how does competition affect policy development? What was the precedent for this policy? Evaluate the effectiveness of this policy.

Introduction:

Everywhere you look there is an athlete, movie star or someone who thinks they are an expert trying to sell a supplement. It might be as simple as whey protein or more complicated with a long list of unknown ingredients. The worst are the products that say the formulation is “proprietary”. Unfortunately, there is no oversight into the products or labels.

Directions:

Using your favorite search engine, identify a supplement advertised to enhance athletic performance. Provide a review of the product, ingredients and whether the scientific evidence to support/refute the claims on the label. You must support your personal opinion with a scientific study or reference to support your position. Comment on whether the supplement is allowed by NAIA, NCAA, Olympic Committee

Please provide the correct term described in each question below.

1. The probability that a test correctly classifies as negative those individuals who do not have preclinical disease.

2. Individuals who test negative for a disease even though they actually have the disease.

3. A measure of the new cases of disease in a prospective cohort study.

4. The type of study design that examines the associations between diseases and other variables of interest in a defined population at one particular time.

5. This is present when the association between exposure and disease is different within categories or levels of a third variable.

6. The prevalence of disease at a certain point in time.

7. Hill criterion where consistent results are found in different populations, in different time periods, with different study designs.

8. Lack of random error in estimating a population parameter.

9. The appropriate measure for determining whether a screening test correctly classifies people with disease as having disease.

The study design where increasing sample size decreases the possibility of confounding

Compare and contrast Leininger and Purnell theories. How do they differ based on their intent, scope, and goals? Which one might be more relevant to your future role, and why

QUESTION 1

Define the term coenzyme. 2 pts.

Name and describe the role of the B vitamins that function as part of the structure of coenzymes. 4 pts.

QUESTION 2

Why does following a vegan diet result in risk for B-12 deficiency? 2 pts.

What is Vitamin B-12 deficiency, list 3 ways to supplement for this deficiency and list when each method is appropriate. 3 pts.

QUESTION 3

How do the vitamins function in the metabolic process? (list the vitamins) 5 pts.

QUESTION 4

Define the term ‘function foods’ 2 pts. List 2 sources and the benefit 2 pts.

QUESTION 5

Calcium and Iron are most likely to fall short in the diet. What is the result of this inadequate intake? 2 pts.

What dietary changes can promote improved intake and reduce risk of deficiency? 4 pts.

c. The faculty member asks the student nurse to identify the three common adverse reactions associated with the use of anti-infectives. This patient is complaining of what common adverse reaction?

Explain why/how R sided heart failure will eventually result in L sided HF?

A 3 year old boy is brought to the pediatrician with a 102' F fever, cough, a runny nose, and red, watery eyes that have lasted three days. His mother is concerned because the fever is not getting better and her son is in obvious discomfort. The doctor suspects that it is a viral cold and instructs the mother to give an over the counter decongestant, an antihistamine, and ibuprofen for fever.

Two days later the same boy is brought to the Emergency Room. His symptoms have continued and now his face has blotchy, red spots on it. The responding doctor suspects Fifth Disease.

1. What is the etiological agent of Fifth's disease?
2. What symptoms do you think led to that diagnosis?
3. What is the incubation period for the disease?
4. How is it transmitted?
5. What is the treatment?
6. Are there any known complications?
7. What demographic is most likely infected?

Differentiate delirium from dementia and give an example of each. How would a depression diagnosis cloud the differential?

This is a Discussion Board Question for Laboratory Procedures 2.
Why is very important to advise people infected with mononucleosis to stay away from contact sports like football, or any contact sports?