Question

Urine samples were taken every 30 minutes from four volunteers who had undergone different preparations.

Individual #1 did not drink any water

Individual #2 drank 200 mL water

Individual #3 drank 600 mL water

Individual #4 drank 600 mL water and swallowed a salt tablet.

Group Results	30 min			60 min			90 min
	Urine Volume	SG	pH	Volume	SG	pH	Volume	SG	pH
1	50 mL	1.020	6.5	45 mL	1.022	6.5	20 mL	1.025	6.0
2	75 mL	1.015	6.5	90 mL	1.010	6.5	80 mL	1.015	6.5
3	148 mL	1.008	7.0	243 mL	1.005	7.5	255 mL	1.003	7.5
4	125 mL	1.010	7.0	215 mL	1.012	7.0	55 mL	1.020	6.5

1A.Compare the results of these four individuals. What conclusions can be drawn from the differences in volume and specific gravity in how they relate to each other?

1B.Description of the data and its significance. Include which hormone or hormone may have been involved in the results of each individual

1C.What effect does the addition of NaCl have on urine production? What effect would it have on ADH? How would it affect Aldosterone secretion?

1D.What effect would drinking excess plasma levels of K+ have on the release of aldosterone? Why?

Answer 1

Answer to 1A question:

Comparing the results:

The person who didnot drink water has Volume in urine sample at 30 minutes is 50 ml and this is reduced gradually means less dehydrated with time increases compared with other three individuals. in remaining three persons had increased volume means more dehydration in urine samples gradually, but the persons who drink 200 ml and also in person drink 600ml with salt tablet the volume value drops at 90minutes.

The specific gravity SG in urine sample is raising gradullay means more dehydration with time increases from 30 minutes to 90 minutes in the individuals who didnot take water and in person who drink water with salt tablet. The person who drink 200ml has SG value alters with time but in the person who drink 600ml the SG value decreases slowly means dehydrated with more time.

--so The person who didnot drink water has abnormal SG vaues so he must have kidney diseases.

The _PH of urine sample in three individuals does not have more change but the value alters or same value with time increases. but in the individual has 200ml water, there is no change shown in _PH of urine sample.

--The reason for the specific gravity in the urine samples are increasing due to dehydration and the release of more Anti diuretic hormone in the body which results into more absorption of water into body leads to less volume of urine occurs.

The conclusion is that the persons who didnot drink water is more dehydrated with time increases compared to other three individuals.

Answer to 1B question:

The specific gravity test of urine sample is conducted to determine the urine density to water density in the body which helps in the determination of kidneys function.The  _PH test is conducted to determine the acidity or alkaline nature of urine which leads to know the presence of kidney stones and its prevention.

The anti diuretic hormone (ADH) is involved in the kidneys function which makes them to release low amount of urine contains less water. This hormone also known as vasopressin. The amount of anti diuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is high leads to decrease the urine amount. if this hormone level is low then the urine amount increases.

Answer to 1C question:

Additional intake of Nacl shows effect by increasing  urine production in the body Due to this the fluid balance is maintained by the mineralocorticoids which present in low level reduces the reabsorption of free water and more Glucocorticoids release causes promoting osmolyte balance in urine production.

--The sodium intake in the body results in the osmolarity increases and the water intake raises then the release of anti diuretic hormone happens, So the presence of Nacl in the body leads to the production of more ADH or Vasopressin hormone in the body.

--After the excretion of urine and sodium leads to the normal levels of osmolarity and also blood volume reaches to normal level. Then the amount of ADH drops in the body and increases urine volume.

--the presence of Nacl in the body affects the secretion of Aldosterone in the body. ususally the Aldosterone present in the Mineralocorticoids enhances the water and salt reabsorption into the body which increases the blood volume and blood pressure.It happens when the sodium levels are not sufficient in body then it stores the sodium levels in the body. This hormone releases to restore the sodium levels in the body from kidneys. So the presence of Nacl in the body reduces the aldosterone function of restoring sodium.