The chlorination of ethane proceeds as follows:
C2H6(g) + Cl2(g) --> C2H5Cl(g) + HCl(g)
However, some of the formed chloroethane further reacts with excess chlorine in an undesired side reaction:
C2H5Cl(g) + Cl2(g) --> C2H4Cl2(g) + HCl(g)
If only C2H6 and Cl2 are in the feed stream, determine their feed ratio (mol C2H6/mol Cl2) and the % yield of C2H5Cl given that the fractional conversion of C2H6 is 0.350 and the selectivity is 12. All chlorine is consumed in the reaction (i.e., no Cl2 in the product stream). Use the extent of reaction method for your solution.
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a. What is meant by countercurrent operation?
b. Why is a packed bed absorption column column operated countercurrently?
c. How would the performance change if the column was operated cocurrently?
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A dilute aqueous solution of sulfuric acid at 25°C is used to absorb ammonia in a continuous reactor, thereby producing ammonium sulfate, a fertilizer:
2NH3(g) + H2SO4(aq) ? (NH4)2SO4(aq)
a)If the ammonia enters the absorber at 75°C. the sulfuric acid enters at 25°C, and the product solution emerges at 25°C, how much heat must be withdrawn from the unit per mol of (NH4)2SO4 produced?
b)Estimate the final temperature if the reactor of part (a) is adiabatic and the product of the solution contains 1.00 mole % ammonium sulfate. Take the heat capacity of the solution to be that of pure liquid water [4.184 kJ/(kg·°C)].
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A rigid, well-insulated tank contains wet steam (20:80 wt% liquid:vapor) at 200 ◦C. The wet steam is withdrawn from the tank until the fluid remaining in the tank is at 150 ◦C. The process is carried out slowlysuchthatinternalgradientsarenegligibleinsidethetank. Determineattheendofthisprocess: (a) The pressure in the tank. (b) The mass fraction of vapor and liquid in the tank. (c) The fraction of total water (liquid and vapor) present initially that was withdrawn
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Respond to the following based on your reading.
1. How would you calculate the atomic mass of an atom of silver (Ag)?
2. The element chlorine (CI) has 17 protons and 17 electrons. What happens to an atom of chlorine (CI) if it gains an electron?
3. How does an atom differ from a molecule?
4. How do protons, neutrons, and electrons differ?
5. The element lithium (Li) has 3 protons and 3 electrons. The element fluorine (F) has 9 protons and 9 electrons. An atom of the element lithium (Li) transfers an electron to an atom of the element fluorine (F). Which type of bond results between the atoms, and what happens to the charges in each of the atoms? 6. Why do the minerals graphite and diamond look different even though they're made from the same element, carbon (C)?
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A particular element is tri-cationic (3+) and has a total of 73 electrons. The number of neutrons is 1.5 times greater than the number of protons. What element is this, how many protons and neutrons does this element have, and what is its atomic mass number?
Name of element
protons
neutrons
atomic mass number
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What are the main chemical reactions involved in AMD formation?
What is the “initiator reaction” and the “propagation cycle”? Why is this cyclical nature (regeneration of Fe2+) problematic?
How do microbes play a role in these reactions?
What is “yellow boy”?
Oxidation of Fe2+ is very slow at low pH values. Why does this reaction occur then in acidic environments?
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How does energy play a role in chemical reactions and describe its role in a chemical reaction that you have seen or done in your everyday life.(endothermic and exothermic reactions)
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Lead nitrate has a water solubility of 56.5 g/cm3 at 20 °C. What lead concentration is this in molar? What nitrate concentration is this in molar?
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A fuel gas containing 75.0 mole% methane and the balance ethane
is burned completely with 15.0 % excess air.
The stack gas leaves the furnace at 800.0 °C and is cooled to 450.0
°C in a waste-heat boiler, a heat exchanger in
which heat lost by cooling gases is used to produce steam from
liquid water for heating, power generation, or process
applications.
Taking as a basis of calculation 100.0 mol of the fuel gas fed to the furnace, calculate the amount (magnitude) of heat (MJ) that must be transferred from the gas in the waste heat boiler to accomplish the indicated cooling. Provide your answer to 3 significant figures.
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A stream of water vapor flowing at a rate of 452 mol/h is brought from 700.0 °C and 10 bar to 400.0 °C and 1 atm. Using Steam Tables, Estimate the required cooling rate (in kW). Use five significant figures in your calculations.
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A fuel gas containing
75.0 mole% methane and the balance ethane is burned completely with
15.0 % excess air.
The stack gas leaves the furnace at 800.0 °C and is cooled to 450.0
°C in a waste-heat boiler, a heat exchanger in
which heat lost by cooling gases is used to produce steam from
liquid water for heating, power generation, or process
applications.
Taking as a basis of calculation 100.0 mol of the fuel gas fed to the furnace, calculate the amount (magnitude) of heat (MJ) that must be transferred from the gas in the waste heat boiler to accomplish the indicated cooling. Provide your answer to 3 significant figures.
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Discuss in general the professional integrity and ethical decision making relevant to engineering practices involving
1. liquid-liquid separation process
2. solid-liquid separation process
Perform a case study for each process and further elaborate the impact of the professional integrity and ethical decision making relevant to engineering practices on the public and society supported by real examples.
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A 30.75kg of coal contains 24% phosphorus, 28%
pyrites,0.01% Nitrogen, 8% Oxygen and moisture as basic impurities.
It is desired that this Coal will be used in the metallurgical
industry, production of electricity through combustion and
synthesis of ammonium compounds for fertilizer production.
(a) Explain the analytical method used in estimating the percentage
amount of impurities?
(b) Is this coal sample suitable for the purposes stated
above?
(c)Explain the coal cleaning scheme unit operations.
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