Question

1. (14 pts) Central Dogma – DNA to protein questions
   1. Think about the general flow of genetic information in living organisms. Summarize the three steps of the central dogm
   2. Imagine that a DNA section of the gene that codes for the enzyme phosphofructokinase read 3’ – TACTGGCGC-5’ What would be the resulting messenger RNA strand and why?

3. Use the codon chart above to answer this question. From left to right list, the exact amino acid chain that would be formed? (write the amino acids out in order).

4. Imagine that a mutation added an extra base was added at the start of the strand, so the strand now rea 3’-GTACTGGCGC-5’. How would this affect the outcome? Would a chain of amino acids still be created?

5. Imagine, a malfunction occurs in a cell.   The cell is no longer able to regulate the H₃O⁺ levels inside the cell, the amount of H₃O⁺ increases. Note you will have to call back on information from previous chapters (Ch 3, Ch 5) to answer this
   1. What would happen to the pH? Explain
   2. Which part of the central dogma steps would be most affected and why?
6. Why do genes code to make proteins, why don’t genes code to make carbohydrates, or fats, or nucleic acids? How do the proteins function in the body?
7. Imagine that a mutation occurred in the last codon in the DNA sequence from part B. Instead of 3’ – TACTGGCGC-5’ the DNA read 3’ – TACTGGTGC-5’.
   1. How would the amino acid sequence change? Explain how the mutation would or would not have an effect on the function of phosphofructokinase. You will need specific details relating to the chemistry of the molecules.
   2. How and why would a change in phosphofructokinase impact the health of the person with this mutation? Explain in details

1. (14 pts) Central Dogma – DNA to protein questions
   1. Think about the general flow of genetic information in living organisms. Summarize the three steps of the central dogm
   2. Imagine that a DNA section of the gene that codes for the enzyme phosphofructokinase read 3’ – TACTGGCGC-5’ What would be the resulting messenger RNA strand and why?

3. Use the codon chart above to answer this question. From left to right list, the exact amino acid chain that would be formed? (write the amino acids out in order).

4. Imagine that a mutation added an extra base was added at the start of the strand, so the strand now rea 3’-GTACTGGCGC-5’. How would this affect the outcome? Would a chain of amino acids still be created?

5. Imagine, a malfunction occurs in a cell.   The cell is no longer able to regulate the H₃O⁺ levels inside the cell, the amount of H₃O⁺ increases. Note you will have to call back on information from previous chapters (Ch 3, Ch 5) to answer this
   1. What would happen to the pH? Explain
   2. Which part of the central dogma steps would be most affected and why?
6. Why do genes code to make proteins, why don’t genes code to make carbohydrates, or fats, or nucleic acids? How do the proteins function in the body?
7. Imagine that a mutation occurred in the last codon in the DNA sequence from part B. Instead of 3’ – TACTGGCGC-5’ the DNA read 3’ – TACTGGTGC-5’.
   1. How would the amino acid sequence change? Explain how the mutation would or would not have an effect on the function of phosphofructokinase. You will need specific details relating to the chemistry of the molecules.
   2. How and why would a change in phosphofructokinase impact the health of the person with this mutation? Explain in details

1. (14 pts) Central Dogma – DNA to protein questions
   1. Think about the general flow of genetic information in living organisms. Summarize the three steps of the central dogm
   2. Imagine that a DNA section of the gene that codes for the enzyme phosphofructokinase read 3’ – TACTGGCGC-5’ What would be the resulting messenger RNA strand and why?

3. Use the codon chart above to answer this question. From left to right list, the exact amino acid chain that would be formed? (write the amino acids out in order).

4. Imagine that a mutation added an extra base was added at the start of the strand, so the strand now rea 3’-GTACTGGCGC-5’. How would this affect the outcome? Would a chain of amino acids still be created?

5. Imagine, a malfunction occurs in a cell.   The cell is no longer able to regulate the H₃O⁺ levels inside the cell, the amount of H₃O⁺ increases. Note you will have to call back on information from previous chapters (Ch 3, Ch 5) to answer this
   1. What would happen to the pH? Explain
   2. Which part of the central dogma steps would be most affected and why?
6. Why do genes code to make proteins, why don’t genes code to make carbohydrates, or fats, or nucleic acids? How do the proteins function in the body?
7. Imagine that a mutation occurred in the last codon in the DNA sequence from part B. Instead of 3’ – TACTGGCGC-5’ the DNA read 3’ – TACTGGTGC-5’.
   1. How would the amino acid sequence change? Explain how the mutation would or would not have an effect on the function of phosphofructokinase. You will need specific details relating to the chemistry of the molecules.
   2. How and why would a change in phosphofructokinase impact the health of the person with this mutation? Explain in details

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1. (14 pts) Central Dogma – DNA to protein questions
   1. Think about the general flow of genetic information in living organisms. Summarize the three steps of the central dogm
   2. Imagine that a DNA section of the gene that codes for the enzyme phosphofructokinase read 3’ – TACTGGCGC-5’ What would be the resulting messenger RNA strand and why?

3. Use the codon chart above to answer this question. From left to right list, the exact amino acid chain that would be formed? (write the amino acids out in order).

4. Imagine that a mutation added an extra base was added at the start of the strand, so the strand now rea 3’-GTACTGGCGC-5’. How would this affect the outcome? Would a chain of amino acids still be created?

5. Imagine, a malfunction occurs in a cell.   The cell is no longer able to regulate the H₃O⁺ levels inside the cell, the amount of H₃O⁺ increases. Note you will have to call back on information from previous chapters (Ch 3, Ch 5) to answer this
   1. What would happen to the pH? Explain
   2. Which part of the central dogma steps would be most affected and why?
6. Why do genes code to make proteins, why don’t genes code to make carbohydrates, or fats, or nucleic acids? How do the proteins function in the body?
7. Imagine that a mutation occurred in the last codon in the DNA sequence from part B. Instead of 3’ – TACTGGCGC-5’ the DNA read 3’ – TACTGGTGC-5’.
   1. How would the amino acid sequence change? Explain how the mutation would or would not have an effect on the function of phosphofructokinase. You will need specific details relating to the chemistry of the molecules.
   2. How and why would a change in phosphofructokinase impact the health of the person with this mutation? Explain in details

Answer 1

a.

Central dogma is the network of genetic information flow, generally from DNA to protein.

DNA is a double stranded helix, contains 4 nitrogenous bases Adenine, Guanine, cytosine and Thymine. DNA Replicated into DNA to make new copies before each cell division. Replication occurs inside the nucleus. Several enzymes are involved in replication, like Primase, DNA polymerase, Helicase, SSB, Topoisomerase etc.

DNA transcribed into mRNA by the process called Transcription. Transcription occurs in nucleus. Enzymes required for transcription is RNA polymerase etc. RNA is a single stranded nucleic acid. It contains nitrogenous bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil.

mRNA then translated into protein by the process translation. The ribosome play the key role in translation. It moves along the mRNA and adds amino acids according to the mRNA sequence.

In some special cases DNA forms from RNA by Reverse transcription.

The DNA sequence transcribed into mRNA . This DNA strand is the template strand, because RNA synthesize in 5' to 3' direction. The mRNA contains complementary bases of the DNA sequence, thymine replaced by Uracil because RNA use Uracil instead of Thymine.  

Each 3 nucleotides codes for an amino acids.

If an extra base added at the start of the strand :

Now the DNA is 3'-GTACTGGCGC-5

mRNA will be : 5'- CAUGACCGCG -3'

Start codon is the AUG. So the protein product will be same. Same amino acid chain would be created.