Question

1. Name the functions, food sources, and deficiency and toxicity symptoms for folate.

2. Name the functions, food sources, and deficiency and toxicity symptoms for vitamin B₁₂

_3. A subdural hematoma is when a blood vessel close to the surface of the brain bursts and blood fills up in the space between the brain the dura matter. That's why it's called a subdura what happens when this happens to a patient how would you help

4. just diagnosed with peritoneal carcinomatosis. One of the things the pathologist and the oncologist looked for when she was first diagnosed was to determine what tumor markers were present. Why would they look at tumor markers? What information can this provide the healthcare provider?

Answer 1

FOLATE

Folate is one of the B-vitamins that are needed to make DNA and other genetic materials..

FUNCTIONS

folate acts as a coenzyme in the body. its only fuction in the body appears to be mediating the transfer of one carbon units. these acts as acceptors and donors of oe carbon units in the variety of reactions crotical to the metabolism of nuclic acids and amino acids.

FOOD SOURCES

• peanuts and pea nut butter
• sunflower seed
• lentils
• chickpeas
• aspargus
• spinach
• lettuce
• walnuts
• broccoli
• avocados
• tofu
• chicken liver and chicken
• calf liver
• cheese
• chicken eggs
• salmon
• beef
• cabbage

DEFICIENCY

symptoms of folate deficiency,

• fatigue
• gray hair
• mouth sores
• tongue swelling
• growth problems
• pale skin
• shortness of breath
• irritability

causes of folate deficiency,

• diet low in fresh fruits, vegetables and fortified cereals is the main cause of folate deficiency
• diseases like crohn's disease, celiac disease, certain tyoes of cancers, and severe kidney problems that require dialysis
• some people may have genetic mutation that may lead to folate deficiency

TOXYCITY

• abdominal cramps
• diarrhoea
• rashes
• sleep disorders
• confusion
• nausea
• stomach upset
• behavioural changes
• seizure

VITAMIN B12

vitamin B12 is a water soluble vitamin which is also known as cobalamin.

FUNCTIONS

vitamin B12 functions as coenzyme in two differebt forms; adenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin. adenosycobalamin is essential for the conversion of homocytine into methionine and for the conversion of L-methylmalonyl-CoA.

vitamin B12 helps keep the body's nerve and blood cells healthy and helps make DNA. it also helps in preventing anemia.

FOOD SOURCES

• fish
• liver
• shrimp
• egg
• goat meat and liver
• milk and milk products
• curd
• beef

DEFICIENCY

symptoms of vitamin B21 deficiency,

• weakness
• heart palpitation
• shortness of breath
• pale skin
• smooth tongue
• constipation
• loss of appetite
• vision loss
• depression
• memory loss
• behavioural problems

TOXYCITY

no toxycity of vitamin B12 has been noted even with a high dose

SUBDURAL HEMATOMA

Subdural hematoma is a collection of blood between the dura and the brain, a space noemally occupied by a thin cushion of fluid.

the most common cause of subdural hematoma is trauma, but it can also occur as a result of coagulopathies or rupture of an aneurysm.

depending on the size of the involved vessel and amound of bleeding the subdural hematoma is classified as acute, subacute and chronic.

SYMPTOMS

• head ache
• confusion
• changes in behaviour
• dizziness
• nausea amd vomiting
• lethargy and excessive drowsiness
• weakness
• apathy
• seizure
• muscle weakness
• difficulty in swallowing
• impaired voice
• sleepiness

MANAGEMENT

in case of small or symptomless subdural hematoma treatment may not be needed.

a surgical procedure called craniotomy may be can use to remove a large subdural hematoma . or a burr hole can be used to drain chronic and acute subdural hematomas

medications- anti seizure medications to prevent seizure, corticosteroids to reduce inflammations.

TUMOR MARKERS

Peritoneal carcinomatosis - is intraperitoneal disemination of any form of cancer that does not originate from peritonium itself.

tumor markers are anything that produced by cancer cells or other cells in responce to cancer or some benign conditions.

many tumor markers have been identified and are in clinical use. some of them are associated with only one tyoe of cancer, whereas others are associated with different types of cancer.

mainly there are two different types of cancer, circulating tumor markers and tumor tissue markers.

circulatory tumor markers are found in blood urine stool and other body fluids. these markers are used to estimate the prognosis of the disease, to detect the cancer that remains after treatment, to assess the response to treatment and to monitor whether the cancer has become resistent to treatment.

tumor tissue markers are found in the tumors themselves. a part of tumor that removes during biopsy is the sample fpr tumor tissue markers. these markers are used to diangnose, classify the stage of cancer, to estimate prognosis, and to select appropriate treatment.