Question

Vitamin	Chief Function(s)	Deficiency symptoms	Toxicity symptoms	RDA (men and women)
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin
Biotin
Pantothenic Acid
Vitamin B6
Folate
Vtiamin B12
Vitamin C

Vitamin	Chief Function(s)	Deficiency symptoms	Toxicity symptoms	RDA (men and women)
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K

Vitamin	Chief Function(s)	Deficiency symptoms	Toxicity symptoms	RDA (men and women)
Sodium
Chloride
Potassium
Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Sulfate

Vitamin	Chief Function(s)	Deficiency symptoms	Toxicity symptoms	RDA (men and women)
Iron
Zinc
Iodine
Selenium
Copper
Manganese
Fluoride
Chromium
Molybdenum

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Answer 1

1) Functions of Vitamin B1(thiamine)

Thiamine is essential for the normal functioning of:

.The heart;

.Carbohydrate metabolism and energy production

.Nervous system development as well as functioning

.Vitamin B1 regulates the functioning of the nervous system, heart and brain. Its primary function is to efficiently produce energy for cell metabolism from food.

.Maintains good eye sight and boosts immunity. This is one of the reasons why thiamine is used as a preventive treatment for cataract (eye disease that clouds vision).

It is also prescribed to AIDS patients to partly compensate for the loss of immunity caused by the disease.

.It may also reduce the likelihood of memory impairments and diseases like Alzheimer's.

.Thiamine also promotes healthy kidney functioning and slows down the onset and development of kidney disease in diabetes patients.

Deficiency symptoms

Headache, weakness, irritability, depression and abdominal discomfort

Reduced mental alertness due to excessive pyruvic acid in the blood

Wernike-Korsakoff syndrome, which results in confusion and memory problems. It is common in alcoholic patients

Beriberi: Beriberi is of two types - dry beriberi and wet beriberi. Dry beriberi mainly causes symptoms related to the nervous system like numbness, tingling, muscle weakness, mental changes and loss of memory while wet beriberi is associated with heart failure.

2) ribofavin

Functions

.Role in Metabolism

Riboflavin's primary role in the body is supporting your metabolism, helping you access energy from the nutrients that make up your diet.

Vitamin B-2 helps your body break down the three macronutrients -- protein, carbohydrate and fat.

Riboflavin, in the form of FAD, helps your body break down fats and carbohydrates into fuel by contributing to the electron transport chain, a series of chemical reactions that give off usable energy for your cells.

. Role in Drug Processing

Riboflavin activates the protein cytochrome P450, an enzyme responsible for metabolizing several drugs, including several types of painkillers, antidepressants and anti-epileptic drugs.

. Antioxidant Function

Riboflavin also serves an antioxidant function due to its ability to activate antioxidant enzymes. Antioxidants protect your cells from damage caused by harmful chemicals called reactive oxygen species.

Deficiency symptoms

The signs and symptoms of riboflavin deficiency is lso known as ariboflavinosis.

.skin disorders

.hyperemia (excess blood) and edema of the mouth and throat

.angular stomatitis (lesions at the corners of the mouth)

.cheilosis (swollen, cracked lips)

.hair loss

.reproductive problems

.sore throat

.itchy and red eyes

.degeneration of the liver and nervous system

. (People with riboflavin deficiency typically have deficiencies of other nutrients, so some of these signs and symptoms might reflect these other deficiencies. )

.Severe riboflavin deficiency can impair the metabolism of other nutrients, especially other B vitamins, through diminished levels of flavin coenzymes.

.Anemia and cataracts can develop if riboflavin deficiency is severe and prolonged.

3) niacin

Functions

Also known as vitamin B3 or nicotinic acid, niacin is one of eight B vitamins.

Like all B vitamins, niacin plays a role in

.converting carbohydrates into glucose

.metabolizing fats and proteins

.keeping the nervous system working properly.

.Niacin also helps the body make sex- and stress-related hormones and improves circulation and cholesterol levels.

Deficiency symptoms

Severe deficiency, called pellagra, can cause symptoms related to the skin, digestive system, and nervous system.

They include:

.thick, scaly pigmented rash on skin exposed to sunlight

.swollen mouth and bright red tongue

.vomiting and diarrhea

.headache

.apathy

.fatigue

.depression

.disorientation

.memory loss

4) biotin

Functions

Biotin, also known as vitamin H or B7, is a water-soluble vitamin .

body needs biotin to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids, the building blocks of protein.

Biotin is often recommended for strengthening hair and nails.

It is a coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes. These enzymes are involved in:

synthesizing, or creating, fatty acids

synthesizing the amino acids isoleucine and valine

gluconeogenesis, or generating glucose

Deficiency symptoms

Signs of overt biotin deficiency include ;

.hair loss (alopecia) and a scaly red rash around the eyes, nose, mouth, and genital area

. Neurologic symptoms in adults have included depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numbness and tingling of the extremities, ataxia, and seizures.

The characteristic facial rash, together with unusual facial fat distribution, has been termed the "biotin deficient facies" by some investigators .

.Individuals with hereditary disorders of biotin metabolism resulting in functional biotin deficiency often have similar physical findings, as well as seizures and evidence of impaired immune system function and increased susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections.