The abolition movement gained great momentum beginning about 1830--just about the same time as other great reform efforts gripped the nation. What was abolition all about? Cite at least THREE individuals who were important to the movement and what --if anything--they achieved

Read the article "Getting and Making a Tip" (pp. 295 in Readings in Sociology). What are some of the strategies that waitresses employ to earn a bigger tip? What are some ways in which waitresses can gain a tip from those who traditionally do not tip? What does it mean for a waitress to get a poor tip? Which of the three sociological perspectives (structural functionalist, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism) would best be used to analyze this environment. Why ? For those of you who have been employed in the service industry (not necessarily limited to waiters,can be medical staff, sales, etc.), do any of these strategies seem familiar? Give examples.

Understand and explain the key elements of Utilitarianism

Meaning and overall approach

Main criticisms

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Understand and explain the key elements of Nozick’s theory

Entitlement theory and how it works

Original acquisition

Acquisition by transfer

Criticisms

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Understand and explain the key elements of Rawls’ theory of Justice

Original position negotiating behind a ‘veil of ignorance’ leading to conservative decision making

Two principles of his approach

Liberty

The ‘difference principle’ (maximin)

Criticisms

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Apply these theories in a business setting

CROP GROWING SKYSCRAPERS

By the year 2050, nearly 80% of the Earth’s population will live in urban centres. Applying the most conservative estimates to current demographic trends, the human population will increase by about three billion people by then. An estimated 109 hectares of new land (about 20% larger than Brazil) will be needed to grow enough food to feed them, if traditional farming methods continue as they are practised today.

At present, throughout the world, over 80% of the land that is suitable for raising crops is in use. Historically, some 15% of that has been laid waste by poor management practices. What can be done to ensure enough food for the world’s population to live on ?

The concept of indoor farming is not new, since hothouse production of tomatoes and other produce has been in vogue for some time. What is new is the urgent need to scale up this technology to accommodate another three billion people. Many believe an entirely new approach to indoor farming is required, employing cutting-edge technologies. One such proposal is for the ‘Vertical Farm’. The concept is of multi-storey buildings in which food crops are grown in environmentally controlled conditions. Situated in the heart of urban centres, they would drastically reduce the amount of transportation required to bring food to consumers. Vertical farms would need to be efficient, cheap to construct and safe to operate. If successfully implemented, proponents claim, vertical farms offer the promise of urban renewal, sustainable production of a safe and varied food supply (through year-round production of all crops), and the eventual repair of ecosystems that have been sacrificed for horizontal farming.

It took humans 10,000 years to learn how to grow most of the crops we now take for granted. Along the way, we despoiled most of the land we worked, often turning verdant, natural eco-zones into semi-arid deserts. Within that same time frame, we evolved into an urban species, in which 60% of the human population now lives vertically in cities. This means that, for the majority, we humans have shelter from the elements, yet we subject our food-bearing plants to the rigours of the great outdoors and can do no more than hope for a good weather year. However, more often than not now, due to a rapidly changing climate, that is not what happens. Massive floods, long droughts, hurricanes and severe monsoons take their toll each year, destroying millions of tons of valuable crops.

The supporters of vertical farming claim many potential advantages for the system. For instance, crops would be produced all year round, as they would be kept in artificially controlled, optimum growing conditions.

There would be no weather-related crop failures due to droughts, floods or pests. All the food could be grown organically, eliminating the need for herbicides, pesticides and fertilisers.

The system would greatly reduce the incidence of many infectious diseases that are acquired at the agricultural interface.

Although the system would consume energy, it would return energy to the grid via methane generation from composting non-edible parts of plants. It would also dramatically reduce fossil fuel use, by cutting out the need for tractors, ploughs and shipping.

A major drawback of vertical farming, however, is that the plants would require artificial light. Without it, those plants nearest the windows would be exposed to more sunlight and grow more quickly, reducing the efficiency of the system. Single-storey greenhouses have the benefit of natural overhead light; even so, many still need artificial lighting.

A multi-storey facility with no natural overhead light would require far more. Generating enough light could be prohibitively expensive, unless cheap, renewable energy is available, and this appears to be rather a future aspiration than a likelihood for the near future.

One variation on vertical farming that has been developed is to grow plants in stacked trays that move on rails. Moving the trays allows the plants to get enough sunlight. This system is already in operation, and works well within a single-storey greenhouse with light reaching it from above: it Is not certain, however, that it can be made to work without that overhead natural light.

Vertical farming is an attempt to address the undoubted problems that we face in producing enough food for a growing population. At the moment, though, more needs to be done to reduce the detrimental impact it would have on the environment, particularly as regards the use of energy. While it is possible that much of our food will be grown in skyscrapers in future, most experts currently believe it is far more likely that we will simply use the space available on urban rooftops.

1. The contribution of traditional farming method is expected to *

2. Cutting-edge technologies in executing new idea like ‘vertical farm’ is necessary as......

3. Factors like efficiency, economical and high level of safety in regards to operation should be......

4. As the crops get exposed to the adversity of the weather,.........

5.  The vertical farming method.........

Below are some arguments in standard form. Some of them are the fallacies of Affirming the Consequent (AC), Denying the Antecedent (DN), or Undistributed Middle (UM). Identify each by writing the abbreviation in the blank. If an argument is none of those forms, write N. (2 points each, 10 total) _______If the weather turns cold, Orville will knit a hat. The weather turns cold. Orville will knit a hat. ______ If Hortense paid attention and studied well, then she got an A. She got an A. Therefore, she paid attention and studied well. _______If Orville studied well, then he taught Algernon. Orville didn’t study well. Hence, he didn’t teach Algernon. _______If Orville catches the flu, then Hortense will catch the flu. If Orville catches the flu, then Algernon will catch the flu. Therefore, if Hortense catches the flu, then so will Algernon. _______If Hortense gets the job, then she will need a new computer. If she needs a new computer, then she will get one good for gaming. Thus, if Hortense gets the job, she will get a computer good for gaming.

Describe Ethical Egoist view on co-operation and self-sacrifice

Compare and contrast the “political realism” of Machiavelli and Hobbes.

Explain how children reason in Kohlberg’s three levels of moral thought: preconventional moral thought, conventional moral thought, and postconventional moral thought. For each level, report a) what children emphasize as important as their basis for their moral beliefs and b) provide an example from the Heinz dilemma that reflects that type of moral reasoning.

Explain the roles of at least THREE of the following factors on gender role development: a) prenatal hormones, b) different socialization for boys and girls, c) modeling, and d) gender schemas.

How do psychological experiences come from biological, social, and cognitive origins? Describe and define each of these origins/factors. Give a unique example of each. Finally, describe an example of your own where all of these factors interact in a single experience. In describing the interaction, be sure to describe how each of these factors plays a role.

Consequences of Poverty in the United States

The consequences of poverty are far reaching and multifaceted. Sociologists often try to understand the complex and interrelated ways that poverty adversely affects people’s lives along a number of dimensions. Reflect on what you have learned about the impact of poverty as you watch the following video.

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Video supplied by BBC Motion Gallery.

One problem addressed by the video is a lack of food, clothing, and medical care among the students at Whitney Elementary. With the help ofincreased government assistance   , the principal created programs to help poor and homeless students get the basic supplies they needed. In her view, many of these problems have been worsened by   .

Research shows that children enduring poverty, like those at Whitney Elementary, are more likely to:

Encounter stressful family environments and health problems that can hinder academic performance

Excel in school due to higher levels of motivation to escape poverty

If Charlie grows up to remain poor as an adult, her experience would be illustrative of intergenerational poverty. This problem draws the attention of sociologists because it can lead to an underclass of people who are:

Persistently poor and disadvantaged along many social dimensions

Poor for only a short time but require a great deal of government aid

Another consequence of poverty is a lack of political power among the poor. Studies show that they are much less likely to vote than the wealthy, in part because of political alienation that:

Makes them feel powerless and estranged from government

Allows them to trust the free market to solve their economic problems

For Short Term Memory, give information on the following facts on Short Term Memory.:

1. Features

2. Functions

3. Strengths

4, Weaknesses

5. Examples

Describe two different advocacy programs and the program's main mission and the services provided

Describe the key criticisms of an Ethical Egoist approach?

Business Law & Ethics

How would you address systemic educational inequality between private and public school districts? Identify South Carolina and/or national policies that contribute to the inequalities.

What are ways we use acting in real life? Provide a personal example.