Fixed load bending moment MD = 130 kN·m, live load bending moment ML = 140 kNNm
Rectangular short beams with width b = 400 mm and depth h = 600 mm are designed as follows:
Determine design suitability. Assume the coating thickness is 40 mm.(f ck = 27 MPa, f y = 300 MPa , tensile reinforcement 6-D22, shear reinforcement D10)

Explain why an increase in water-to-cement ratio for a fixed amount of cement results in lower concrete strength.

Explain the role that diffusion plays in both diffusion creep and dislocation creep; also explain how these types of creep can be designed against.

Discuss the cement hydration process and its importance in developing the strength of concrete. Explain how it works according to the stages (dormant,setting,hardening stages). Discuss the setting time, its importance in concreting, and a practical solution to delay the initial setting time. Explain how the cement fineness, water-to-cement ratio, and curing temperature can promote or hinder the hydration.

what is the working principle of gravity dam

briefly describe the types of hydraulic structures

Given r(t)=ti+2sintj+2costk and u(t)=1/ti+2sintj+2costk, find the following: 1. r(t) x u(t) 2. d/dt (r(t) x u(t) 3.now use product rule for derivative of cross product of two vectors and show same result

Can you compare the main assumptions as differences and common sides between the elastic limit state and ultimate limit states?

Write paraphrase of this:

Task1:
Highway alignment is the center line of the highway or the road on the ground. The road alignment is very important because when they not prepare it carefully it will cause high building cost, high maintenance cost and also, an increase in accident. There are requirement of high alignment like safe, easy, short and economical. And there are also factors that should be considered when choosing road alignment. These factors differ and depend on the type of road and the areas through which these roads pass. In this part we will concentrate on or obligatory points which is defined the highway alignment. It is separated into two parts, negative and positve obligatory points.
positve obligatory points:
these are those points through which the alignment should pass.
Existing road: the alignment should be fixed such the newly construction road should link to the existing road.
Intermediate town: if it is possible to have a straight road between point A&B and the intermediate town located at c, then the street need to link the intermediate town reducing the change in highway alignment.

Bridge site/Existing Bridge:
This is not adivicable to cross the river in a curve position, we have to change the alignment in such a way that it crosses the river in straight line, it should locate in right angle(90o) to the river flow and not locate in curve position. There are some reasons for this, the curve position they keep changing, when you make the right angle the length of the barge it will be short. So, the cost of this construction it will be less.   

Negative obligatory points:
When I went to the site and I saw lake or water body , I have to change this aligment to avoided the lake area. From the stragth line to curve line because of the water body. So, this water body is a Negative obligatory

Why we need to use elastic limit state?

Write paraphrase of this:
Task2:
Noise and Air pollution Caused during Highway Construction and their mitigation measure

Noise Pollution

At the time of highway construction heavy loaded vehicle with material moved so these vehicle create a noise and air pollution due to suspension dust in to the atmosphere .

Fluctuation in traffic is considered as a significant environmental predictor for physical inactivity. The unfit vehicles, engines, cylinders, and horns create the noise and air pollution. Traffic noise pollution along with faulty design and construction of buildings near by roads create physical and mental disturbance and other problems for residents. The traffic noise annoyance is related to lower physical activity.

Mitigation Measure for Noise pollution

We can Reduce Noise pollution by turning off appliances when not in use, use of earplugs, lowering the volume, planting more trees, regular maintenance of vehicles and machines etc. By controlling noise we can control negative health effects that noise pollution has on everyone.

Air pollution

The traffic congestion caused by construction activities and the materials and equipment used in construction may aggravate the air quality problem in non-attainment areas.

Concentrations of air pollutants and adverse respiratory health effects are greater near the road than at some distance away from the road. Road dust kicked up by vehicles may trigger allergic reactions. Carbon dioxide is non-toxic to humans but is a major greenhouse gas and motor vehicle emissions are an important contributor to the growth of CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere and therefore to global warming.

Mitigation measure for air pollution

Construction areas should be enclosed, wherever possible. Green belt along the ROW goes a long way to reduce air/noise pollution effects.

Continuous maintenance of construction site and upkeep of highway will maintain traffic flow and will help to reduce air pollution effects.

Q2. A sphere of radius r and weight W is released with no initial velocity on a (C*) degrees incline and rolls without slipping. Determine: (a) the minimum value of the coefficient of static friction (µ) compatible with the rolling motion, (b) the velocity (Vb) of the center G of the sphere after the sphere has rolled (D*) meters, (c) the velocity (Vc) of G if the sphere were to move (D*) meters down a frictionless (C*) degrees incline. (g = 9.81m/s2) Report the following in the results summary table: part (a): µ = ? (10 points) part (b) Vb = ? (m/s) (10 points) part (c) Vc =? (m/s) (10 points)

C=42.3

D=23.5

1-Type of Structures

The main ones – Bedding / Faults / Fold / Lineaments / Joints / Cleavage / Foliations

2-Why those structures given affects to the geology of a rockmass
(marks will be given for those who can show the process and followed by sketches)
3-Type of failures