Design an isolated rectangular footing to support an interior column 40 cm × 40 cm in cross section and carries a dead load of 800 kN and a live load of 600 kN. Use f́c= 21 MPa, fy= 420 MPa, q all (net) =200 kN / m2 , γsoil = 17 kN /m3 , and Df =1.25 m. Space limitations are such that one lateral dimension cannot exceed 2.5 m

. Design a square footing for a 16-in. square interior column with an ultimate dead load = 300 (k) and an ultimate live load = 200 (k). Take f_y=60,000 psi, f_c=4000 psi, normal weight, and q_a= 4500 psf. Assume the base of the footing is 4 (ft.) below grade. Draw the reinforcement detail also. Check for one way and two way shears with the support of diagram. With ACI code

Use the following data to calculate the layout of an equal tangent vertical curve
by offsets for every full station.
g1 = -1.20%
g2 = +3.50%
X PVI = 49+70
Y PVI = 5,893.48’
L = 1500’
, find the station and
elevation of the high (or low) point of the curve.

Why are bearers and joists (like those in a suspended flooring system) always orientated so that the biggest cross section dimension is vertical?

An asphalt mixture has the following composition and properties: Bulk specific gravity = 2.31 Theoretical maximum specific gravity = 2.50 Coarse aggregate 65%, Bulk specific gravity = 2.72 Fine aggregate 30%, Bulk specific gravity = 2.66 Asphalt 5%, Specific gravity = 1.01

Calculate the following:

a. Bulk specific gravity of aggregates (Gsb);

b. Effective specific gravity of aggregates (Gse);

c. %Air void content (%AV);

d. Voids in Mineral Aggregate (VMA);

e. Voids filled with asphalt (VFA);

f. Percent asphalt absorption (Pba);

g. Find all the volumetric properties and mass quantities as indicated on the phase diagram and recalculate parts c, d, e, and f from this diagram.

Prestressing concrete systems are both unique systems developed by engineers to be used in collaborative with precast concrete and for a particular distinctive situation where the strength goes beyond ordinary precast concrete. Designing an overhead bridge which system of pre-stressed concrete will you chose for the construction and why? CR, 6

in an oil factory, a pipe (roughness = 0.85 mm & diameter 160 mm) carries a fluid (specific gravity of 0.95 & viscosity 0.0061 N.s/m2) at a rate of 109. L/s.

Determine;

a. Flow is laminar or turbulent

b. Friction factor f using explicit equation of Laminar or turbulent flow (Haaland equation)

c. The head loss

d. The shear stress at the pipe wall

e. Velocity 30mm from the centerline

f. The behavior of pipe whether fully rough, transitional, or smooth pipe

The receiving river in the spring months (with a temperature of about 10-15 °C) has no initial deficit in the outfall region of partially treated sewage with BOD_L of 18 mg/L and a decay coefficient of 0.21. Please locate the downstream river section where the maximum DO sag might occur. Will the water quality result in potential negative impacts on aquatic organisms in the river? Assuming that the re-aeration coefficient is 0.31 per day and the average water velocity is 0.4 m/s.

Not all water produced by suppliers is sold to customers. Some is used for other purposes and some is not paid for. Other amounts are "lost". What are those other purposes? Why might some water not be paid for? How does a utility lose water?

Hint: research the term Unaccounted for Water and use your findings to answer the three questions above. A good place to start is Water and Revenue Losses by Lynn P. Wallace, American Water Works Foundation, Dec. 1987.

Tunnel Problem

You are going to build a tunnel 10 miles long with a shaft at one end and a portal at the other. It is part of the first phase of the gateway tunnel to New York.

* The shaft is 185 ft. deep to the invert of the tunnel and 22 ft. excavated diameter.

* The tunnel is 26 ft. excavated diameter in competent sandstone and limestone.

* The profile of the shaft is as follows: From the surface down- 15 feet of fill; 30 feet of sand and clay; 20 feet of silty gravel; 40 feet of limestone and 80 feet of sandstone.

* Groundwater is 35 feet down.

* The tunnel runs for 5 miles in sandstone and 5 miles in limestone.

Determine the following:

1. Using a TBM, how long will it take to excavate the tunnel?

2. Will blasting need to be done anywhere? If so, where?

In the heat treatment of steel, when is tempering not required? (1 mark)

You are an engineer and you are required to design a self-compacting concrete mix. List 2 important considerations in your mix design. (1 mark)

Analyse the potential effects of climate on building design and services:

Critically analyse: - The potential effect of environmental resources to the building design and services - The potential effect of local climate on building design and services. Smart building.

Two zones A and B are to be connected via a direct high speed route as daily traffic movement between the residents of 02 zones are causing congestion to existing network.

1. Suggest and justify the type of survey needed to be conducted between 02 zones.
2. If all the movement is considered to be inter-zonal only i.e. from A to B & B to A only. What kind of traffic volume measuring technique is suitable? Reason your answer.
3. Design a household survey for estimating the trip originating from A to B (Assume the missing data).
   1. What kind of household surveying technique should be used if demographics are almost the same in the zone?
   2. What kind of household surveying technique should be used if demographics can be further classified within the zone?