Q7. You are going to your friend’s village for a vacation. You noticed the tannery industry released the waste water without any treatment in the nearby wadi. You were shocked and send a detail report to the government regarding the impacts of tannery industry waste water in the wadi. Can you write the reason (Any five reason) you have sent to the government.

What methods are available to determine flow and flow in rivers.
Explain with a paragraph.
Describe the three methods you will choose from these methods by explaining and exemplifying them in detail.

To meet the tolerance required for a surveying project, it is necessary to use a total station. An obstacle makes it impossible to obtain a direct line of sight. Explain one technique that you would use to establish the line of sight past the obstacle. Use a sketch if necessary (0.5 marks)

Assume that a two-lane small road crosses a two-lane main road at a right angle making a four-leg intersection where the traffic on the small road controlled by a yield sign. A shopping mall is located 108.24 ft from the centerline of the outside lane of the main road and 12 m from the centerline of the nearest lane of the minor road. Determine the maximum velocity (in km/h) that can be allowed on the small road if the speed limit on the main road is 39.77 mph. Grades of both the roads are leveled.

Assume you are conducting a parking study in your University. You need to explain the processes/tasks that you will undertake to complete this study. You need to explain how you will do different tasks and how you will present the collected data.

You are the Engineer In Charge for a large paving project in New York City. There is some additional paving work being added to the mainline expressway job involving approximately 25,000 metric tons of asphalt. The additional work involves paving nine (9) ramps along the mainline expressway. Due to the Maintenance and Protection of Traffic requirements, the ramps will each be paved on their own night. The total estimated quantity is 400 Metric Tons of Superpave Top Asphalt and 500 Metric Tons of Superpave Binder Asphalt. The Contractor states that it will cost him $90.00 per metric ton to place the asphalt, which is far above his $65.00 per metric ton bid price.

1. Based on what you know, is the Contractor telling the truth and would you accept this renegotiated cost? (Night differential is an increase of 10.00% on wages only.)
2. What other considerations might you have regarding this price?

1. During and after the commissioning and turn-over process, the design and construction team need to provide the owner with many important documents for the operation of the building. These include all of the following, except:

   		A list of things that the contractor secretly left out of the building to save costs.
   		Operations and maintenance manuals for installed equipment
   		Final construction drawings, typically called "As Built" drawings. These incorporate any minor changes made during construction.
   		Design calculations for building systems.
   		Warranty, test-and-balance, and inspection documents.
   		Building Information Modeling (BIM) data, if included in the contract.
   		Samples and inventories of spare parts and materials used in the construction, to facilitate repairs.

a. A symmetrical rectangle box section prestressed concrete beam of external width of 300 mm and external depth of 600 mm with a uniform thickness of 40 mm is prestressed with 7 numbers straight steel wires of 7 mm diameter located at a distance of 15 mm from the bottom of the soffit and 5 number of 5mm diameter of the steel wires located at the 575 mm from the bottom of the beam . The wires were initially tensioned on the prestressing bed with an initial prestress of 1500 N/mm2 . The beam is subjected to point load of 48 + 0.2 (54) kN at the center of the beam and a uniformly distributed load of 20 kN/m entire length of the beam with a length of 10 m. Calculate the resultant stresses at the end and mid span section with neat stress distribution diagram. Assume the density of the concrete is 24 kN/m3 . Use BS8110 code

b. In the above problem, how to control the resultant stresses such that they do not exceed 25 N/mm2 at mid span section.

a. An unsymmetrical I section prestressed concrete beam of top flange (350 X 40 mm) in size, bottom flange of (200 X 40 mm), 30mm thickness of web and overall depth of 400 mm is prestressed with 19 numbers straight steel wires of 7 mm diameter located at a distance of 15 mm from the bottom of the soffit and 9 numbers of straight steel wires of 6 mm diameter located at a distance of 15 mm from the top of the beam. The wires were initially tensioned on the prestressing bed with an initial prestress of 1.2 + 0.01 (54) GPa. The length of the beam is 10 m. Calculate the total percentage loss of stress in the wires at top and bottom. Assume the beam is post tensioned beam and all the wires stressed simultaneously by using the following data: Relaxation of steel stress= 4.5% of initial stress -6 Shrinkage strain in concrete for post tensioning = 200 x 10 Creep Coefficient ɸ=1.6 Friction coefficient for wave effect=0.0015 + 0.001 (54) per meter Slip at anchorage= 1.5 mm Modulus of elasticity for steel = 210 GPa Modulus of elasticity for concrete= 35 GPa

b. What are the measures that are suggested to be taken to reduce the losses in prestressed concrete members for the above problem?