Using the formulas and codes provided by ACI 318
1. Design a square interior column footing for a 15-in. square tied interior column that supports a dead load of 160 kips and live load of 180 kips. The column is reinforced with eight # 8 bars, also, the base of the footing is 6 ft below the grade line, the soil weight is 100 lb/ft3, the concrete weight is 150 lb/ft3, f’c = 4,000 psi, fy = 60,000 psi and qa = 4 kip/ft2.

2. What is the importance of providing enough thickness for the footing of a structure.

Q3:There is always adverse effect of fossil fuels on the environment.Discuss various environmental impact of
combustible materials.

B)Water is a precious resource and no existence of life without it. It has been predicted that there will be a water scarcity in the future due to water pollution. a. Can you share your views how the water is getting polluted nowadays? (Any four ways) (2) b. Write any two measures to stop the water pollution at your level?

A). As an Engineer, you are requested to implement a small wastewater treatment plant for our college campus. Explain the different steps or stages involved in the wastewater treatment process.

Discuss:
1. Experimental vs. theoretical values for the horizontal reactions.
2. A UDL is the most significant contribution to the horizontal reaction. This is mainly
because of the weight of the road deck of a bridge.
3. What is the relationship between the rise (r) and the horizontal reaction?

4. Discuss: a three-pinned arch is ideal for sites where the abutments are likely to
settle. Obviously, the shape of the arch has no bearing on the horizontal reaction
(given the same span and rise)

Discuss the mechanisms of permeability and hydraulic gradients and their effect on groundwater movement.

Use LRFD and select the lightest C6 channel to be used as a tension member to resist the following service loads: The service dead load of 20 kips and service live load of 32 kips. The member is 12 ft long. The member will be connected by a transverse weld at the end of the channel only.

1. What is the liquid limit? Explain.

2. What is the plastic limit? Explain.
3. Which apparatus will be used for liquid limit calculation?

4. What is the procedure used for plastic limit calculation?

describe a detailed overview of affordability of water in middle income areas

Solve the following using paper-pencil and upload it in .PDF or a photo embedded in MS Word before the due date.

The following are the approximate quantities of 1 yd³ of concrete:

Check the volumes of these constituents and adjust the quantities, if required, to produce 1 yd³. G_SSD (RD_SSD) is 2.68 and 2.65 for the fine and the coarse aggregate, respectively.

What is resonance? Is it possible to experience a perfect resonance or it is just a theoretical term?

How do you describe dynamic behavior of the building?

How do you describe earthquake motion and wind forces?

How do you define undamped, underdamped, critically damped and overdamped structures? Derive the necessary equations and draw necessary pictures.

List the main thermal zones in a cement kiln. Describe the process in each zone.

- Dehydration zone (up to 500°C)

- Decarbonation zone (between 500°C to 950°C)

- Solid-state reaction zone (between 950 °C to 1350 °C)

- Clinkering Zone (between 1350°C to 1500°C)

- Cooling zone