This question is based on our three-node network where all resistances are equal. Generators are located at nodes 1 and 2, while the customer is located at node 3.
Power flows through the network are:
F(1,3) = 44 MW
F(2,3) = 56 MW
F(1,2) = -12 MW (i.e., 12 MW from node 2 to node 1)
The transmission limit on Line (1,2) is 10 MW in either direction, so the line is overloaded by 2 MW. Assume that lines (2,3) and (1,3) can carry a very large amount of power, so that they will never be congested. Calculate the adjustment for Generator 1 that relieves the transmission congestion on line (1,2).
If you find that Generator 1 should increase output to relieve the congestion, then enter your response as a positive number. If you find that Generator 1 should decrease output to relieve the congestion, then enter your response as a negative number.
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Q2.
(a)
With appropriate block diagram, describe two methods/principles of
demodulating a Frequency Modulation (FM) signal.
(b)
Consider a frequency modulated signal FM )]sin(cos[)(tttsmcωβω+=
where mω is the frequency of a sinusoidal message signal, cω is the
carrier frequency and β is the modulation index.
i)
Using the above equation )(ts, explain the definition of Narrowband
FM and wideband FM.
ii)
Prove that the narrowband FM signal is given by the equation
)sin()sin()cos()(ttttsmccωωβω−=.
(c)
An angle modulated signal is given by the expression
??(??)=5??????[??????+40? ????500??? +20? ????1000??? +10?
????2000??? ]
i)
Calculate the bandwidth of the angle modulated signal by Carson’s
rule, if the peak frequency deviation, fΔ= 30 Hz.
ii)
If the modulated signal is a phase modulated signal with phase
deviation constant pk of 5 radians per volt, determine the message
signal )(tm.
iii)
If the modulated signal is a frequency modulated signal with
frequency deviation constant fkof π000,20radian/sec per volt,
determine the message signal )(tm.
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Estimate the desired parameters and draw the block diagram of an
Armstrong indirect FM modulator to generate an FM carrier with a
carrier frequency of 102 MHz and Δ?=25 kHz based on following
constraint:
A narrow-band FM generator is available at a carrier frequency
200 KHz and Δ? is 12.2 Hz.
The local oscillator has an adjustable range of 9 MHz to 10
MHz.
There is bandpass filter with any center frequency.
And only doublers are available.
Note: After all calculations, the values of each parameter of the above method should be written on the block diagram.
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What is the effect of the slip-ring starting resistance on the starting torque and the starting current?
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In a differential amplifier, the noninverting input is 3 cos (600t + 45◦) mV and the inverting input is 4cos (600t - 45◦) mV. The output is
vo = 3cos (600t + 45◦) + 4.004cos (600t - 45◦) V. The CMRR is_____
dB.
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Explain earthing in DC traction applications with a simple diagram. What are the hazards involved? Explain the mitigation strategies with reference to the standards.
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A series RC circuit is connected in parallel to a 5 volt DC voltage source, where resistance R=1 M ohm and capacitance C= 1 microfarad. If at the start of operation, voltage across the capacitor is 5 volts, calculate the voltage across the capacitor at t=2 seconds. Also sketch the instantaneous voltage across the resistor. using differential equation.
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Sketch the linearized Bode plots of system function given below. Ensure to properly label the graph. H(s) = 10^9 (s + 100)(s + 1000) / (s^2 + 15000s + 100 × 10^6)(s + 100 × 10^3)
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A uniform current density given by:
J = (A/m2 J ) o az
give rise to a magnetic potential:
A = ( (Wb/m) 4 μo J o x ) 2 + y 2 i.
1) Apply the vector Poisson’s equation to prove the above statement.
2). Determine H using the expression of A
3). Determine H using the expression of J.
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Sketch the charge block diagram for a p-type MOS-C under: depletion, threshold and inversion bias conditions.
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Question 1:
Write an AVR program to display text on a 2-line WH2002 LCD display based on the HD44780 controller. Apply the following:
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How do you pro the DTFT is periodic with a period Ω = 2π. I'm not sure I understand what I looked up.
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Laser
What component would you use to (choose from the list on the following page)
1._______________separate a gas from a vacuum but allow light to travel from one to the other with little or no effect on the light
2._______________direct a beam back in the direction from which it came
3._______________place in a laser cavity to limit output to a single longitudinal mode
4._______________"correct" a beam with an oval cross section, creating a circular cross section
5._______________filter all visible wavelengths by the same amount
6._______________pass only a narrow band of wavelengths in a beam of light
7._______________allow visible light to pass, but reflect IR
8._______________remove optical noise from a beam to produce a smooth, clean spot of light
9._______________prevent reflection from an optical element
10.______________pass all wavelengths except for a narrow band
11.______________create polarized light without the use of a polarizing filter
12.______________reduce or eliminate the divergence of a laser beam
13_______________ create long duration pulses from a cw laser beam
14_______________change the wavelength of light to half its previous value
15_______________change the wavelength of light by scattering in an optical fiber
16_______________divide a beam into two parts
17_______________ create circularly polarized light from linearly polarized light
18_______________ create a short laser pulse with high peak power
19_______________create a train of femtosecond (really, really short) pulses
20_______________rotate the direction of polarization using a voltage controlled device
LIST OF LASER ACCESSORIES
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