Articulation case study:

Sam, now a 6 year old male was recently adopted from Vietnam. He was born with a bilateral complete cleft lip and palate. The cleft lip was repaired in Vietnam, but the cleft palate was left unrepaired. Due to the cleft palate, he has velopharyngeal dysfunction i.e. his velum does not retract and meet the posterior pharyngeal wall to close off the nasal cavity.

1. Which anatomical structures are missing/affected in a complete bilateral cleft palate?

2. Which anatomical structures are missing/affected in a complete bilateral cleft lip?

3. How do you think Sam sounds i.e. what is his vocal quality? Why? Hint: Think about how the velopharyngeal insufficiency is affecting his overall articulation.

4. Despite his velopharyngeal insufficiency, there are certain phonemes of the English language that he can produce effectively. What are those phonemes?

5. What affects might Sam’s cleft palate have on swallowing? (2) Please answer all 5 questions

Which of the following enzymes are stimulated to support the use of fat (lipids) to fuel ATP synthesis during exercise.

Some hormones are synthesized and are stored in vesicles until signaled to release into the blood. Other hormones are synthesized on demand. Which category of hormones is stored and which is synthesized on demand?

1. Stored: steroid; on demand: peptide & amine
2. Stored: steroid & peptide; on demand: amine
3. Stored: peptide & amine; on demand: steroid
4. Stored: steroid & amine: on demand: peptide
5. Stored: peptide; on demand: steroid & amine

Explain why the structure of each relates to it’s function you selected.

How do patients with Cushing disease pair with osteoporosis? Explain in detail the connection between the two diseases. Do they need special considerations in the diagnosis and management of either condition? Are they at a disadvantage compared to an otherwise healthy individual?

Describe how an individual could possess XY chromosomes, yet appear as a female.

6. Compare/contrast cardiac muscle with skeletal muscle. In a figure show the ion fluxes associated with an action potential in contractile cardiac muscle fibers.

8. Compare the electrical activity (ion current fluxes) in cardiac pacemaker cells with that found in cardiac muscle cells. Specify an additional role for calcium in the cardiac muscle cell action potential. Use a figure.

11. When looking at the extrinsic control of the arterioles, explain how sympathetic stimulation (stress) affects the blood flow and diameter of vessels in the heart vs circulatory system when comparing alpha-1 receptors and beta-2 adrenergic receptors. What are the corresponding ligands (hint…abcd)?

1. Compare and contrast Oogenesis with Spermatogenesis with regard to

1. Ability to produce new sperm or ova during lifetime:
2. How many sperm or ova are produced from a single spermatogonium or oogonium:
3. When meiosis begins:
4. Where it occurs:

When LH levels increase in a female (select ALL appropriate),

Group of answer choices

a)A corpus luteum is formed

b)progesterone levels increase

c)Follicle cells grow around a developing oocyte

d)Estrogen is not secreted

A 65 kg, 34-year-old epileptic patient is receiving 300 mg phenytoin daily for epilepsy. Her albumin is 2.4 g/dL and creatinine clearance is 79 ml/min. After three weeks of therapy, the total phenytoin concentration is 8.5 mg/L. What is the recommended new phenytoin dose to achieve a therapeutic concentration of 10 - 20 mg/L?

Explain briefly how hydration levels affect skinfold, BIA and DXA measurements