give detail description of the anatomy of brain

Topic: Animal physiology and human physiology. Digestive System

1.) Identify the parts and organs of the human digestive system, and give the functions of each.

2.) How are the digestive organs modified for the efficient mechanical digestion in the following: a.) grazers (ruminants) b.) seed eaters without teeth (birds)

Compare and contrast the similarities and differences between the PROCESSES of spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

1. Gas Exchange and Transport

(1C) Discuss the effect of bicarbonate on oxygen transport. With more explanation

A distance runner tears a tendon and cannot continue to be competitive. The now former runner wants to switch over to weight training and ultimately become competitive in that area. Do they have a chance? Explain your answer based on what you know about the three types of muscle tissue and how they operate.

define dyspnea

1. How does exercise of increasing intensity change HR? What controls this change?
2. What changes are anticipated in an ECG recording in the transition from rest to exercise? What abnormal or pathological changes may occur in the transition from rest to exercise?

Valve stenosis (“narrowing”) is a disorder characterised by stiffening of the heart valve flaps. It can occur as a congenital defect, a consequence of prolonged calcium ion imbalance, or an infection. Patients experiencing valve stenosis often have obstructed blood flow that requires surgical intervention.

Think about how the blood flow would be disrupted as it passes each of the heart valves if they were stiff.

What happens to the heart over all?

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys myelin sheaths surrounding axons. Which aspect of nerve transmission would be most affected by MS?

1)     What is the main activity of the colon?

1. Reabsorbing water from the guts into the circulatory system

2. Absorbing water from the circulatory system to excrete from the body

3. Absorbing cellulose and glucose into the circulatory system

4. Absorbing amino acids and cellulose into the circulatory system

5. Killing off bacteria on the digested food

2)     Which of the following is important in inflammation?

1. Contraction of actin, myosin, and thrombosthenin

2. Increased permeability of capillaries

3. Activation of platelets

4. Antibody activation

5. Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide

3)     When oxygen-rich blood passes through a capillary bed in poorly-oxygenated tissue, what happens?

1. Hemoglobin delivers carbon dioxide to the tissue and picks up oxygen waste

2. Hemoglobin changes shape and much of the oxygen unbinds from the hemoglobin

3. Hemoglobin leaves the capillary and enters the tissue to deliver oxygen

4. Hemoglobin enters the capillary to carry carbon dioxide away from the tissue

5. Hemoglobin changes shape and most of the carbon dioxide unbinds from the hemoglobin

4)     If a person with type-O blood (the host) receives blood from a type-A donor, what are the consequences?

1. There is no clotting because there are no antigens on the donor’s type-A blood

2. Both A and B are true

3. The type-A donor blood clots because of the anti-B antibodies in the host’s body

4. The type-A donor blood clots because of the anti-A antibodies in the host’s body

5. There is no clotting because there are no antibodies in the host’s type-O blood

5)     Which of the following statements best explains how the amount of water inside alveoli remains small?

1. The lymphatic system drains fluids from the alveoli

2. There are large amounts of proteins in the water inside the alveoli, which dilutes the water

3. There are large amounts of proteins in the interstitium, causing water to leave alveoli via osmosis

4. The fluid in the alveoli is passed into the esophagus

5. The question is wrong; the alveoli have large amounts of water in them

6)     Which of the following statements about hydrochloric acid in the stomach is FALSE?

1. Begins the process of breaking down fats

2. Kills many pathogens that enter the stomach

3. It is responsible for activating pepsinogen into pepsin

4. Its production results in an increase in bicarbonate in the blood

5. Denatures proteins in the stomach

7)     A protein designed to attach to one kind of invading structure (protein, carbohydrate, or other structure or chemical that identifies the invader) is:

1. Lymphocyte

2. Rh factor

3. Antibody

4. Antigen

5. Lysosome

8)     Which of the following statements about T-lymphocytes is true?

1. They are responsible for manufacturing antibodies

2. Some kinds of T-lymphocytes bind to invaders, puncture them, and poison them

3. They are manufactured in the bone marrow

4. Each T-lymphocyte can react to dozens of different antigens

5. They are related to humoral immunity, and not cell-mediated immunity

9)     When an action potential is inhibited, which of the following statements describes the voltage change?

1. Neurotransmitters are not produced in adequate amounts to carry on an action potential

2. Sodium ions are drawn into the axon and not released

3. Too much neurotransmitter is produced, causing the action potential to damage the axon

4. A greater voltage change is required because the resting voltage is unusually negative

5. A smaller voltage change is required because the resting voltage is close to zero

10)   Which of the following type of white blood cells (leukocytes) moves via amoeboid locomotion?

1. Erythrocytes

2. Lymphocyte

3. Basophils

4. Platelets

5. Macrophages

11)   When a person sees a car driving on the road, and simultaneously hears the motor, the two sensory inputs can be combined to form a more complete understanding of the situation. This is an example of:

1. Afferent and efferent interaction

2. Chemosensitivity

3. Partial pressure

4. Integrative function

5. Facilitation

12)   During exercise, the blood flow to the lungs increases by:

1. Decreased pressure in the pulmonary arteries

2. Greater pressure from the left ventricle of the heart

3. Greater number of open capillaries

4. More rapid contractions of the diaphragm

5. Slow, strong contraction of the diaphragm

Describe how the body makes proteins and uses them to perform various roles