Identify the antagonist muscles that are activated during the following resistance training exercises:

Lying neck flexion

Lateral neck flexion

Dead bugs

Bicycle crunch

Create a simple chart with the similarities and differences between the endocrine system and the nervous system. The chart should contain at least 5 items that highlight components of both systems and how those components function

O. M. is a 6-year-old child at a freestanding emergency room. Per the mother, O.M. is complaining of being tired, sleeping at night with several naps in the day, and her appetite is decreasing. The mother reports an uneventful pregnancy and delivery; O.M. has met her milestones, and immunizations are up to date. Her parents and younger brother are healthy. Paternal grandfather died of colorectal cancer in his 70s. She has no medical history and has no medication.  

All vital signs are normal except for an elevated heart rate and she is minimally underweight.

All assessment findings are normal with the exception of:

·        Skin pale but warm and dry

·        Bruising over the buttocks and left flank

·        Noted oral mucous membranes with petechiae

·         Mild enlarged, cervical, submaxillary, inguinal nodes

·        Presence of hepatosplenomegaly

Blood work:

Hemoglobin decreased

Hematocrit decreased

RBC count decreased

WBC 13,100/mm3

Neutrophils 58%

WBC differential identifies 11% are blast cells

Platelet count 30,000/mm3

PT/PTT normal

Later results:

Bone marrow aspirate: 94% blast cells, 3% erythroblasts, 3% all other cells.

Reverse Transcriptase - Polymerase Chain Reaction: positive TEL-AMI fusion gene. No other abnormality.

Chest x-ray: Normal

Lumbar puncture: Cerebral spinal fluid normal

Immunology: positive for cytoplasmic µ heavy chain protein

1.      Explain why O.M. is underweight (other than decreased appetite). Use pathophysiology or physiological phenomenon to explain your answer.

2.  When you read the case did you suspect acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or something else? Explain.

3.Explain the abnormality of TEL-AMI fusion gene and specify which cells are affected, T-cells or B-cells.

4 Explain why the red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels are low. Use pathophysiology or physiological phenomenon to explain your answer.

5.Explain what is occurring with the white blood cell count and differential. Use pathophysiology or physiological phenomenon to explain your answer.

What is the glomerulus, and what happens here? How is the glomerulus, the afferent arteriole, the efferent arteriole, and the peritubular capillaries associated with the nephron?

During cell division, DNA undergoes replication. DNA is transcribed into mRNA and the genetic code is translated into a polypeptide sequence. Out of these three processes, which is most likely to be the site a deletion, frameshift, insertion missense, nonsense, point and silent mutation or alteration occurred? Explain why you have chosen this process. 15 marks

The immune response to any virus is similar to the one you've mapped out in your flow chart. HIV is an infection that targets and kills helper T cells. Explain why HIV leads to AIDS, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, where the immune system is non-functional. Be sure you discuss APCs, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and B cells in your answer.

Describe the ventilatory response to incremental (graded) exercise. Include in your discussion factors that contribute to the alinear rise in ventilation at work rates > 50% VO2max, the location and function of chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors that contribute to the regulation of breathing.

What are the components of the central and peripheral nervous system that increase heart rate and blood pressure (include baroreceptors, and both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems)

In 200 words answer the below: What environmental concerns in your area impact the ability of its inhabitants to breathe safely? What steps can be taken to improve lung health (including lung volume) in general?

How do patients with thyroid disorders (hyper and hypothyroidism) pair with osteoporosis? Explain in detail the connection between the two disorders. Do they need special considerations in the diagnosis and management of either condition? Are they at a disadvantage compared to an otherwise healthy individual?

How does osmolarity play a part in water reabsorption? What role does urea play in this process?

Name three areas of the cerebrum that are critical to the limbic system’s functions. What role does the hypothalamus and fornix play in the functions of the limbic system.

Explain how reflexes play a critical role in maintaining homeostasis .