21. Which of the following statements are true in order to decrease glomerular hydraulic pressure?

1. the afferent arteriole will constrict.

2. the afferent arteriole will constrict.

3. the afferent arteriole has no effect on glomerular filtration pressure

4. the afferent arteriole will dilate.

22. An example of reabsorption in the nephron is

1. movement of Na+ from the proximal convoluted tubule into the peritubular capillaries

2. movement of histamine from the peritubular capillaries into the proximal convoluted tubule

3. movement of histamine from the peritubular capillaries into the proximal convoluted tubule

4. movement of K+ from the peritubular capillaries into the distal convoluted tubule

23. the major site of amino acid absorption is the

1. liver

2.stomach

3. large intestine

4. small intestine

24. a negative feedback mechanism in response to reduced intake of salt (NaCl) is likely to include

1. an increase in blood volume due to increase in ADH

2. an increase in renal blood flow due to an increase in water reabsorption

3. an increase in secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular cells

4. a decrease in secretion of aldosterone and increased Na+ excretion

25. Renin is secreted by

1. speciallized cells in the nephron and converts angiotensinogen into anglotensin 1.

2. lung capillary endothelial cells and converts angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2.

3. the atria in response to increased stretch and causes a loss of Na+ and water

4. adrenal cortex and promotes K+ secretion in the proximal convoluted tubule.

5. A patient comes into your doctor’s office (you specialize in immunology and allergy) with a problem. Every time they get a gastro-intestinal infection, they have a very severe inflamed gut. This doesn’t happen when they get either respiratory or skin infections. When you biopsy the iliac and mesenteric lymph nodes, you don’t find any B or T cells that are responsive to the infection, which is a bit surprising. Based on the role of LN and GALT, explain why the above situation is unusual. Suggest an explanation for what is occurring in this patient, and propose a method for potentially helping them.

Appropriate and specific terminology is imperative in the field of healthcare. The universal language used to give directions and locations assists in eliminating error by providing clear instruction free of ambiguity and vagueness. The language of anatomy is shared across healthcare disciplines ensuring all practitioners have a clear understanding of the location and nature of the issue at hand. For this week’s discussion, you will be asked to reflect on the importance of this concept by choosing one of the topics below.

Describe a time in your life where you had pain, an injury, or illness and how you communicated this with your healthcare provider. Did you or your healthcare provider use terms such as the ones in this week’s lessons to describe your pathology to you? If not, what terms could you have used to give specific instruction as to where your injury, pain, or illness arose.

Explain the two main somatosensory pathways that carry signals from the periphery to the cortex.

a) Write down the routes of these pathways on their way to cortex.

b)Describe and compare the properties of these pathways.

Which of the following are characteristics of an isotonic muscle twitch?

1. The length of the muscle remains constant
2. The length of the muscle remains constant and latent period than in an isometric twitch
3. The muscle shortens at a constant velocity and the length of the latent period is longer than in an isometric twitch
4. The muscle shortens at a constant velocity

The afferent division of the peripheral nervous system

1. Transmits action potentials to sensory organs
2. Conveys action potentials to the CNS
3. Neither transmits action potentials to sensory organs nor conveys action potentials to the CNS

The resting potential of a neuron. E.g. -70 mv:         

1. There is a net flux of positive ions out the cell
2. There is a net flux of positive ions into the cell
3. The influx of Na+ ions through its channel is equal to the efflux of K+ ions through K channels
4. The influx of Na+ ions through NA channel is greater than the efflux of K+ through K channels

Relative refectory period occurs when:

1. K+ gates are closed
2. K+ gates are open
3. Ca++ gates are open

Steroid hormones produce their effects by

1. Combining with receptors located on the surface of cell membranes
2. Causing cyclic AMP to be produced
3. Activating the action of genes

a. Describe the kinase cascade that transmits signals down from the activated Ras protein.

b. Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) is a dimer of two polypeptide chains. How would PDGF monomers affect signaling by the PDGF receptor?

1) What is hearing?

2) What is the pathway for hearing?

3) What are the two vestibular systems?

4) Explain how the two vestibular systems detect changes in movement.

What is a cortical reaction? What is the mechanism for slow block to prevent polyspermy? What would be the consequences if calcium release from smooth endoplasmic reticulum is blocked?

What is lymphedema and what causes it? What are its symptoms and possible consequences?

What is the role of connective tissue in the heart – what does it do? What is its impact on conduction? Contraction?