1) Explain the difference in the functions of low-density lipoproteins and high-density lipoproteins and explain why one is called “good” cholesterol and the other is called “bad” cholesterol.

2) Define vasoconstriction and vasodilation. What is the mechanism of regulation?

3) The heart is called a "double pump" because there are two functionally separate circulations. Trace the pathway of each of these circulations and include the following information: heart chambers involved, major blood vessels involved, and general areas through which the blood flows. Begin with the right atrium.

How does stretch cause smooth muscle contraction (myogenic reflex)? Describe the molecular mechanism.

TLC = 4200, VC = 3200, IC = 2000 Calculate the FRC and RV?

VC = 3200, IC = 2200, ERV = 1000, RV = 1000 Calculate the TLC.   ?

TLC = 6500 VC = 5000 Find RV.

TLC = 6500   IC = 3500 Find FRC.

TLC = 6500   RV = 1200 Find VC.

IC = 3500 TV = 600 Find IRV.

FRC = 2300 RV = 1200 Find ERV.

The total volume of air in Jeffrey’s lungs is 5800 mL. If his IC is 3200 and his RV is 1000, calculate his ERV and FRC.

1). How does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that controls cardiac muscle contractions differ functionally & anatomically from the somatic motor system that controls skeletal muscle contractions?

2). How do the general effects of the sympathetic division differ from the general effects of the parasympathetic division?

3). Within the ANS, what neurotransmitters are secreted by adrenergic & by cholinergic fibers? Where in the ANS, are the

two neurotransmitters found?

4). Why do sympathetic division effects last much longer than parasympathetic division effects in humans?

Animal Physiology Question

1. Contrast ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. Specifically describe how they differ in their mechanisms of converting a sensory stimulus to a change in membrane potential. Provide one example of an ionotropic receptor we discussed in class and briefly describe how it works. Provide one example of a metabotropic receptor discussed in the textbook and briefly describe how it works.

Why do I sense the pressure of a tack that I've stepped on before I feel the pain of the tack as it presses into my foot? (In detail)

List and describe the molecular (sexual) mechanisms that lead to genetic variation in gametes (offspring):

Define elasticity and discuss the elasticity properties of elastin and collagen. Define the mechanical differences of elastin and collagen and discuss the influence of these differences on tensile strength of skin.

1.Describe (in detail) the three main factors that affect stroke volume and how each impacts cardiac output if that factor is increased?

2. How does a beta blocker work on the heart and what is the effect?

3. What is the significance of the thick ventricular wall? (It’s not simply that it’s supplying the whole body.)

4. Define congestive heart failure (CHF). (What are signs and symptoms, causes, how does left and right differ?)

We have seen a couple of times now that action potentials occur because of the rapid switching of places of sodium and potassium ions across a plasma membrane (“Na+ IN, K+ OUT”). The influx of sodium into a cell causes depolarization of the membrane; the efflux of potassium out of a cell repolarizes the membrane. In your own words, describe how excess extracellular K+ would affect this process, if at all.

Explain the need for saltatory conduction and how myelination and axon diameter affect rate of conduction – you can do this as an illustration. Make sure in your answer you include: axon, axon hillock, axon terminal, original action potential, new action potential, Schwann cell, myelin, node of Ranvier, depolarization, refractory DO NOT DEFINE THESE TERMS INDIVIDUALLY

please type the answer.

Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis

What information is still outstanding regarding the development and treatment of this condition? Is there anything we still don’t know about how this disease develops? Are there holes in our ability to treat this disease?