Pick from these terms to answer most of the questions below: anterior, ventral, posterior, dorsal, cephalic, caudal, deep, superficial, proximal, distal, inferior, superior, medial, lateral, supine, or prone. For quadrants, pick from these: RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ. For divisions of the back, choose from these: Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral.

1. The spinal column is __________ to the heart.

2. The lungs are __________ to the heart. (Use a sideways direction) Lateral 3. In the anatomic position, the fingers are _________ to the wrist. (Do not answer "superior/inferior" or "cephalic/caudal" or "above/below." Use the term meaning near or far from the point of attachment to the trunk).

4. The eyebrows are __________ to the eyes.

5. The little finger is __________ to the thumb.

6. The knee is __________ to the ankle. (Do not answer "superior/inferior" or "cephalic/caudal" or "above/below." Use the term meaning near or far from the point of attachment to the trunk).

7. The inner thigh is __________ in relation to the outer thigh.

8. The dorsal surface of the body is the same as the __________ surface.  

9. The patient underwent operative repair of her right proximal femur fracture in December. Was the repair done on the upper area of the bone near the hip, or the area near the knee? _________

10. The __________ end of the humerus (upper arm bone) joins with the elbow. (Use the term meaning near or far from the point of attachment to the trunk)

12. The medial malleolus (ankle bone) is on the right or left side of the right foot? __________  

13. A bruise on the forehead is on the __________ surface of the body.

14. The brain is __________ to the skull.

15. What quadrant is the appendix located in? __________

describe the function of the serous membrane. the layers and what they line or cover. what are the types of serous membranes .what does each of these of these cover/

Answer the following questions (choose the correct answer or fill in the blank):

1. If 3500 kcals eaten in excess equals one pound of weight gain, what would be the approximate weight gain of a person who consumes an excess of 500 kcals every day for 2 weeks?

1. 1 lb.
2. 2 lbs.
3. 3 lbs.
4. 4 lbs.

2. The __________________________ is a brain center that controls activities such as maintenance of water balance, regulation of body temperature, and control of appetite.

3. What percentage of the day’s energy expenditure of the average person is represented by the basal metabolism?

1. 5-15%
2. 30-45%
3. 50-65%
4. 75-90%

4. Which of the following is TRUE regarding basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

1. Fever decreases the BMR
2. Fasting increases the BMR
3. Both hot and cold outdoor temperatures raise BMR
4. Females have a higher BMR than males on a body weight basis

5. An index of a person’s weight in relation to height is called

1. Body mass index
2. Height to weight index
3. Ideal body weight index
4. Desirable body weight index

6. A high risk of weight-related health problems is seen in women whose waist circumference begins to exceed ________ inches and a man’s waist circumference begins to exceed __________inches.

1. 25; 30
2. 30; 35
3. 35; 40
4. 40; 45

7. Jackie, who has a sedentary lifestyle, is 5’5’’ tall and weighs 168 lbs. which means her current BMI is 28. She recognizes that her body weight is not in the BMI recommended healthy range and vows to improve her eating habits and begin a regular program of physical fitness. Her goal is to achieve a BMI of 22. Approximately how much weight (lbs.) must she lose (refer to BMI table for answer)?

1. 21 lbs.
2. 27 lbs.
3. 36 lbs.
4. 41 lbs.

8. Visceral fat is stored chiefly

1. Around the thighs and neck
2. Inside the liver and spleen
3. Around the abdominal organs
4. Inside of the subcutaneous fat

9. Which of the following increases disease risk?

1. BMI 19-21
2. BMI 22-25
3. Lower body fat
4. Central obesity

10. A graph of the relationship between mortality (Y or vertical axis) and body mass index is shaped like a(n)

1. J
2. S
3. Backslash
4. Inverted U

The patient was under acute renal failure for which the patient underwent renal dialysis to externally filter the blood via osmosis. Dialysis involves the passage of arterial blood through a tube with a semi-permeable outer membrane. This membrane only allows ions/metabolites/electrolytes and water to pass through. Surrounding the tube is another larger tubing containing dialysate (assume pure water). Answer the following questions regarding osmosis and the function that dialysis serves in this case.

a.In which direction is the driving force for osmosis during dialysis and why?

b.How would the initial driving force for osmosis change (increase/decrease) if dialysis was performed less frequently? Why?

c.In this patient, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was measured at 23 mg/dl upon admission. Calculate the diffusion rate (J) of BUN across the dialysis membrane, assuming the following:

Purea(membrane) = 1.5 x 10-6 cm/sec

[BUN]dialysate= 0 at t=0

Membrane thickness = 40 μm

Amembrane = 1.5 m2

d.Describe how BUN will change in the blood following dialysis. Justify your answer.

Distinguish among the different types of blood cells and compare the functions of the various leukocytes.

As a complement to this discussion, conduct an online search for an article that has “breaking news” about new discoveries concerning blood. Briefly summarize the information you find in 100 words or fewer. please type instead of writing in paper. Thank you

Explain how the regulation of ion permeability leads to the properties of cardiac muscle.

Explain how and ECG reading could be used to diagnose abnormalities of cardiac function.

4. What signals lead to the breakdown/synthesis of glycogen?

5. When is phosphorylase active/inactive? When is glycogen synthase active/inactive? What role do phosphorylase kinase, PP1c, GSK-3, and the GL or GM proteins play in regulation of glycogen synthesis/breakdown?

6. What role does Ca2+ and AMP play in the breakdown of glycogen in the skeletal muscle?

Why is osmosis important in human physiology? What role does it play in helping the human body function?

In a conduction cell like an SA node action potential, what role does calcium play?

How do antidiuretic hormone (ADH), the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and natriuretic hormones (natriuretic peptides) function in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance?

1. Consider the following:

A pharmaceutical company has developed a new weight loss drug for women. Preliminary tests show that the drug seems to be fairly effective in about 75% of test subjects. The drug company thinks that the drug might be most effective in overweight women, but they are unsure to whom they should market the product.

1. Use the scientific method to address the pharmaceutical company’s needs:
   1. In Data Table 1, state a research question.
   2. Conduct online research on “Body Mass Index” categories. Record pertinent information in Data Table 1.
   3. Construct a testable hypothesis and record the hypothesis in Data Table 1.
   4. Design an experiment to test the hypothesis. Be as specific as possible in describing what will be observed or measured. Record your study design in Data Table 1.

Data Table 1 Below:

According to Aristotle, what is our quintessential human function, that which is central to human life and makes us uniquely human?

Our essential function is to breed and produce children.

b) As for what is central to human life, and alone makes us human, Aristotle says: “some kind of life, involving action, of the part of us that has reason (logos).”

c) Our essential human function is to maximize pleasure and to minimize anxiety or unhappiness.

Our human function is to be a member of the Polis, the Greek city state.

Both (a) and (c) are correct.

Philisophy Subject!

1. You’re riding your bike in the bike lane through Golden Gate Park. Suddenly, you drift out of the bike lane and into automobile traffic. Fortunately, you quickly move back into the bike lane and continue toward Ocean Beach. This scenario is a metaphor for homeostasis, where the controlled condition (physiologic variable) is the position of the bike on the road (e.g., inside or outside the bike lane). Identify: (a) The established set point for the controlled condition (b) The receptor (c) The control center (integration center) (d) The effector There’s no need to explain the physiology of vision or muscle contraction. Rather, demonstrate your understanding of feedback systems by mapping the components of a feedback system onto this scenario.

2. The three-dimensional shape of a protein determines its function. Briefly explain these terms as they relate to protein shape and provide a supporting example for each: denature, conformational change, genetic mutation. Each example must include a specific protein.

3.Compare and contrast simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion. In other words, how are they similar and how are they different? Provide supporting examples for each.

4.(a) What is the osmolarity of a solution containing 85 mM C6H12O6, 120 mM KCl, and 24 mM CaCl2? Show your calculations. (b) What would happen to human blood cells put in the solution above? Explain.