A decrease in plasma volume will decrease plasma hydrostsatic pressure. This can be detected by the cardiovascular baroreceptors which send a signal to the cardiovascular control center which sends nervous impulses to the arterioles to constrict. Constriction decreases flow to the capillary beds, in turn decreasing flow out of the capillaries at the capillary beds served by this arteriole. This prevents further decrease in plasma volume.

• Is this an osmotic mechanism?
• Is this a homeostatic mechanism?
• Is it negative feedback? Positive feedback?
• Define each of these terms and explain your answer to each of these questions.

Jim is lifting weights. Holding a 20lb weight down by his side, he bends his arm at the elbow, contracting his bicep, and holds the position until he reaches muscle fatigue. Briefly describe how the Henneman Size Principle relates to this example. List the steps of muscle fiber recruitment necessary for the initial lift and subsequent fatigue. Include a short summary of the muscle fiber types, and the properties that contribute to the speed of contraction, recruitment pattern and metabolic activity.

Case 2: Anik Anik is a 29-year-old Javanese (Indonesia) woman who was born in a rural area but has lived in the city of Yogyakarta for the past four years. She has been married 1% years, but is very unhappy in her marriage, feeling her husband is lacking in openness and compassion. Anik has been unable to care for her 8-month-old daughter for the past several months, so the daughter was living with Anik's aunt in Jakarta. When her illness began, Anik first became withdrawn and didn't sleep or eat. She developed hallucinations of accusatory voices criticizing her husband, his family, and their landlady. Anik also suffered from jealous delusions that her husband was having an affair. She was taken to the hospital by her brother, where her symptoms included mondar-mandir ("wandering without purpose"), ngamuk ("being irritable"). Being easily offended and suspicious, talking to herself, crying, insomnia, malmun ("daydreaming") and quickly changing emotions. Her sister-in-law reported that she had been chronically fearful and irritable for some time and would frequently slam doors and yell. In Javanese culture, the control of emotions in social situations is of great importance, so Anik's outbursts were seen as clear signs of some sort of pathology. Anik had several explanations for her behavior. First and foremost, she believed that she was in a bad marriage, and this stress was a contributing factor. Shortly before her symptoms began, her landlady said something harsh to her, and Anik believed that her startle reaction to this (goncangan) led to sajit hati, literally "liver sick­ ness:' In addition, Anik's mother had a brief period during Anik's childhood when she "went crazy", becoming loud and violent, and Anik believes she may have inherited this tendency from her mother. Anik initially sought to overcome her symptoms by increasing the frequency with which she repeated Muslim prayers and asking to be taken to a Muslim boarding house. Once she was taken to the hospital, she agreed to take antipsychotic medications, which helped her symptoms somewhat. She was discharged from the hospital after a short time, but was rehospitalized multiple times over the next year. Questions: For each case please answer the following questions: 1. What condition or conditions (there may be more than one possibility) are being described in this case? 3. What brain area or area(s) may be involved? How should they function normally? What could be causing this dysfunction? 4. How would the treatments recommended affect the brain? How might those effects relate to the symptoms? 5. How can you explain all of the symptoms exhibited by this case? Can you relate each symptom to a specific brain area or neurotransmitter? 6. What other interventions may be possible, besides those noted here? Please justify your answers by using the concepts from other scientific resources). Total Posts:

How is the concept of homeostasis (or its loss) related to disease and aging? Provide examples to support YOUR reasoning.

The following experiment is carried out in a physiology lab. Red blood cells are placed in different solutions: distilled water, 0.45% saline, 0.9% saline, 5% urea, and 5% glucose. The molecular mass for each molecule is given: NaCl = 58.44 gm/mole; urea = 60.06 gm/mole; glucose = 180.16 gm/mole.

For each of the solutions used, calculate the osmolarity. To do this, you will need to convert solutions given in percents to osmolarity. A 0.45% saline solution has 0.45 gm/100 mL NaCl, or 4.5 gm/L. The same is true for the other molecules.

Fill in the osmolarity of each solution to the nearest integer using the choices provided.

• Distilled water = ... mOsm
• 0.45% saline = ... mOsm
• 0.9% saline = ... mOsm
• 2.0% urea = ... mOsm
• 5% glucose = ... mOsm

The choices are: 308, 77, 0, 154, 520, 833

What are the ICD-10-PCS codes for the skin biopsies?

What is the difference between organic and inorganic molecules? Give three examples of each. For each example tell how it is used at the cellular level.

Outline and explain the principle of population vaccination.

Explain the mechanisms of bacterial killing by neutrophil.

sometimes the reflex respond is dimsh

Relate the structure and/or function of blood components, such as blood proteins, RBC's, WBC's, and platelets.

From anatomical position, perform opposition by rotating the thumb medially so that it touches the little finger. To demonstrate the importance of thumb opposition, grasp a plastic bottle as you normally would. Now, put the bottle down and grasp it again without using your thumb. Compare the two actions describing how effectively you were able to hold the bottle.