Describe normal regulation of blood glucose via the pancreatic hormones. How is this altered with Diabetes? Why is Diabetes called an impairment to the homeostasis of glucose? What is the difference between Type I and Type II diabetes?

Why is cholesterol able to integrate into a lipid bilayer?

What is an instrumental good?

Something that is valuable in and of itself, regardless of the consequences.

Something that is good only for what you can get out of it, only for what it can be used for

Something that generates happiness and pleasure in life

Something that generates profit and financial security

It is a kind of pleasurable sensation obtained by certain stimuli

Philosophy Category!

1. What are the FOUR critical functions of water?
2. Are there any benefits to drinking a sports drink?

5. What is the current recommendation regarding sodium intake? In other words, should you take steps to reduce your sodium intake? Why/why not?

1. Which is the primary function absolute refractory period?

a) To return the membrane potential to the resting state

b) Allows the impulse to migrate only one way down the axon

c) To depolarize the neuron

d) To allow sodium to move into the cell

2. The Nodes of Ranvier

a) Increase absorption of Calcium by skeletal muscle cells

b) Store Potassium as a reserve for enhance neuron function

c) Speed transmission along the axon by allowing saltatory conduction

d) Enhance strength of skeletal muscle by increased Calcium release

3. Which is the primary function absolute refractory period?

a) To return the membrane potential to the resting state

b) Allows the impulse to migrate only one way down the axon

c) To depolarize the neuron

d) To allow sodium to move into the cell

4. Which of the following support cells does not belong to the Central Nervous System?

a) Astrocytes

b) Oligodendrocytes

c) Microglia

d) Ependyma

5. Which part of the brain is vital for causing short-term memories to become long-term memories?

a) Midbrain

b) Thalamus

c) Hippocampus

d) Pons

Which of the following statements concerning control of blood flow through arterioles is true?

Select one:

a. There are more beta-adrenergic receptors than alpha-adrenergic receptors on arteriolar smooth muscle

b. Binding of epinephrine to alpha-adrenergic receptors causes vasodilation.

c. Stimulation of vascular smooth muscle by the parasympathetic nervous system causes vasodilation.

d. If blood pressure/flow within an organ increases, arterioles in the organ will autoregulate using the myogenic response

e. None of the choices are true

You observe that Mr Q appears to have some decreased active hip extension range of motion as a result of decreased hip flexor muscle length.

a) You determine that the iliopsoas and tensor fascia latae muscles are shortened. Describe the home programme (one exercise for each muscle) that you provide to Mr Q to specifically improve the length of (1) iliopsoas and (2) tensor fascia latae. List all exercise variables (sets, repetitions, frequency, and duration).

Mr. Banks, a 63 year old male, was admitted to the local hospital for symptoms that included fluid-filled vesicles on one side of his chest and waist. They are all painful and very itchy. What is his likely diagnosis? What other clinical findings may suggest this diagnosis? Why is Mr. Banks experiencing this disease? Describe what a dermatome and dermatome map is and how they can be useful for Mr. Banks. Name 3 other clinical findings or procedures that a dermatome map can be useful for. Lastly, name and describe what pathways and dermatomes may be activated with Mr. Banks' clinical condition.,

After reading the chapter, answer: what are the 5 causes of steatorrhea (fatty stools)?

As a class, decide which of the following would heal faster: cartilage or bone? Simple columnar or stratified squamous epithelium? Include an explanation for your argument.

1. ______ can be defined as maintaining critical parameters in the internal environment within tolerable ranges.

1. Irritability b. Evolution c. Homeostasis d. Metabolism e. Catabolism

2. The _____ is a membrane-bound network that processes proteins and lipids.

1. peroxisome
2. endoplasmic reticulum
3. chloroplasts
4. ribosomes
5. lysosomes

3. Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles in the cytoplasm in which:
   1. proteins are deaminated.
   2. proteins are synthesized.
   3. proteins are packaged for export.
   4. energy-rich molecules are broken down, using oxygen, to provide energy for cell activities.
   5. proteins are united with carbohydrates to form glycoproteins.

4. Process by which a white blood cell actively engulfs a bacterial cell:

1. active transport b.osmosis c.phagocytosis d.pinocytosis e.colloidal diffusion

5. The function of messenger RNA is to:
   1. transport a message from ribosomes into the nucleus.
   2. form peptide bonds between amino acids.
   3. act as a template for protein synthesis at the ribosome.
   4. regulate protein degradation.
   5. All of the above

6. A gene contains the information which will be used by the cell to produce a specific:

1. amino acid b. protein c. nitrogen-containing base d. ATP molecule e. none of these

7. The overall reaction for cellular respiration is:
   1. pyruvic acid + NADH₂ → lactic acid + NAD
   2. ATP + C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
   3. 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + ATP
   4. C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
   5. NAD + lactic acid → pyruvic acid + NADH₂

8. Choose the correct statement(s) concerning hydrogen bonding. A hydrogen bond ___________.
   1. can involve two different polar molecules.
   2. can involve water molecules.
   3. is weaker than a covalent bond.
   4. can occur between molecules.
   5. All of the above are correct statements concerning hydrogen bonding.

9. Nonpolar molecules such as lipids are good examples of:
   1. hydrophobic molecules.
   2. electrolytes
   3. molecules that will dissociate when placed in water.
   4. hydrophilic molecules.
   5. solutes.

10. Glycogen is
    1. the storage form of glucose for animals.
    2. a disaccharide, found in milk.
    3. is formed from glucose in an anabolic reaction
    4. (a) and (b) are correct
    5. (a) and (c) are correct

11. Cell membranes are mostly composed of _____.
    1. enzymes, electron acceptors and electron donors
    2. fatty acids
    3. lipids and proteins
    4. monosaccharides
    5. nucleotides and nucleosides
12. The major function of the plasma membrane is to:
    1. define the structure of the organelles.
    2. provide genetic information for the cell.
    3. synthesize chemicals for metabolism.
    4. regulate the passage of molecules and ions.

13. The class of organic molecules characterized by their insolubility in water is the:

1. Carbohydrate b. lipids c. proteins d. ions e. nucleic acids

14. If a molecule is insoluble in water it is
    1. hydrophobic
    2. unable to freely pass through the cell membrane
    3. a polar molecule

15. Which of the following molecules can pass freely through the interior of the cell membrane?
    1. carbohydrates b. lipids c. amino acids d. DNA

16. Each amino acid differs from others in the:
    1. chemical structure of the R group.
    2. size of the amino group.
    3. number of carboxyl groups
    4. number of peptide bonds in the molecule.

17. The pH in an organism
    1. is a measure of the amount of H+
    2. can affect the structure of proteins
    3. can affect the function of proteins
    4. all of the above are true

18. Hydrophilic molecules such as carbohydrates and amino acids can enter the cell by
    1. using protein channels and carriers
    2. endocytosis
    3. exocytosis
    4. a and b are correct
    5. a and c are correct

GIVEN THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION, ANSWERS QUESTIONS 19-21 The phospholipid of the cell membrane is not permeable to ions. There is more Ca2+ and Na+ outside the cell while there is more K+ inside the cell.

19. If you open up a channel to Ca2+,

a) Ca2+ will enter the cell and the charge in the cell will decrease

b) Ca2+ will exit the cell and the charge in the cell will decrease

c) Ca2+ will enter the cell and the charge in the cell will increase

20. If you open up a channel to K+.

a) K+ will enter the cell and the charge in the cell will decrease

b) K+ will exit the cell and the charge in the cell will decrease

c) K+ will enter the cell and the charge in the cell will increase

21. If you open a channel to Na+,

a) Na+ will enter the cell and the charge in the cell will decrease

b) Na+ will exit the cell and the charge in the cell will decrease

c) Na+ will enter the cell and the charge in the cell will increase

22. Which observation would suggest that active transport, rather than passive diffusion, is responsible for moving a particular substance from the outside of a cell into a cell?

   a. a higher concentration of the substance outside the cell than inside the cell.

   b. a higher concentration of the substance inside the cell than outside the cell.

   c. a positive correlation between ATP breakdown and the amount of substance taken in.

   d. b and c are both correct.

23.If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution

a.water will move into the cell and the cell with swell b.water will move out of the cell and the cell will shrink

24. If the tubule of the kidney contained solution that has an osmolarity of 300 and fluid in the surrounding tissue had an osmolarity of 450…

a. the surrounding fluid would be hypotonic and water would leave the tubule

b. the surrounding fluid would be hypotonic and water would enter the tubule

c. the surrounding fluid would be hypertonic and water would enter the tubule

d. the surrounding fluid would be hypertonic and water would leave the tubule

Part B, Chemistry (questions 25-33)

25. Element listed below which is NOT among the four most frequently found elements in living matter

a.carbon b. hydrogen c. sodium d. oxygen e. nitrogen

26. Potassium has one electron in its outermost shell. Therefore, to complete its outer shell, potassium is most likely to:

a.gain 7 electrons

b. lose 7 electrons

c. gain one electron

d. lose one electron

27. When an electron is transferred from one atom to another, the resulting opposite charges attract to form _____ bonds.

a.hydrogen b. polar covalent c. ionic d. covalent e. none of these

28. Type of chemical bond in which electrons are shared by two atoms:

a.hydrogen

   b. ionic

   c. isotopic

   d. electronic

   e. covalent

29. Water is said to be a polar compound because the shared electrons spend more time around the oxygen atom than the hydrogen atoms.

a.true

   b. false

30. What is the concentration of 360 grams of glucose (molecular weight 180 g/mol) placed in 200 ml of water?

a. 1.0 mol/liter b. 10 mol/liter c. 0.1 mol/liter d. 0.04 mol/liter

31. The breakdown of fats (triglycerides) into free fatty acids is an example of

a. an anabolic reaction

b. an exergonic reaction

c. a reaction that requires energy

d. (a) and (b) are correct

e. (a) and (c) are correct

32. The rate of chemical reaction may be affected by:

a. presence of enzymes

   b. concentration of reactants

   c. concentration of products

   d. temperature

   e. all of these

33. When the following reactions are at equilibrium:

H₂O 2H + O

   a. more water is formed than H and O

   b. less water is formed than H and O

   c. the amounts of H, O and H₂O are equal

   d. reaction A and reaction B are occurring at the same rate

   e. none of the above

Part C, General Science (questions 34-40)

34.If the electrical charge inside a cell was -70 millivolts, how many volts would this be?

a.-0.7 volts b. -0.07 volts c. -7.0 volts d. -70,000 volts e. -70 volts

35. What is the pH of solution that has a concentration of H+ that is 0.001 moles/liter (hint: express this number using scientific notation, then use the equation. pH = - log [H+].

a. -1 b. 3 c. 13 d. 7 e. -3

36. Using the graph below, with a ventricular stretch of 200 ml, what would be the stroke volume?

a.50 ml b. 70 ml c. 90 ml d. 110 ml e. 200 ml

37. If your heart pumps out 70 ml of blood per beat (stroke volume) and your heart rate is 60 beats per minute, what is the output of your heart in ml per minute (this is your cardiac output)

a.10 ml

b. 420 ml

c. 4,200 ml

d. 420 liters

e. 2.1 liters

38. 3,500 excess calories will eventually be converted to 1 pound of fat tissue. If you consume 70 calories a day more than you burn, how long would it take you to gain one pound of fat

a. 5 days b. 2 weeks c. 50 days d. 2 months e. 5 months

39. Following rigorous exercise, your heart rate was 40 beats in 20 seconds. What is your heart rate in beats per minute?

a.80 b. 160 c. 100 d. 90 e. 120

40. The amount that you learn in physiology is positively correlate with

a. the frequency of your attendance

   b. your desire to engage in lectures and labs

   c. your asking questions when you don’t understand something

   d. your willingness to address and work on your academic weaknesses

   e. all of these